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KIN 476 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is oxidation

A

reaction where electrons (Hydrogen atoms) are transferred (Lost)

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2
Q

what is reduction

A

process in which electrons (hydrogen atoms) are gained

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3
Q

what is the most common/feasible way to measure oxygen consumption in the lab?

A

Open Circuit

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4
Q

Where do anaerobic and aerobic metabolism occur within the muscle fiber?

A

sarcoplasm, mitochondria

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5
Q

what are the rate limiting enzymes for glycolysis and for Krebs cycle

A

Phosphofructokinase, isocitracte dehydrogenase, glycolysis

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6
Q

what is the first reaction of the Krebs cycle

A

condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate

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7
Q

what is the most important function of the Krebs cycle ?

A

remove hydrogen associated with electron

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8
Q

what acts as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain and what other than ATP is formed in the process

A

oxygen; while glucose and CO2 play a role in earlier processes of cellular respiration

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9
Q

glycolysis

A

breakdown of a glucose molecule

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10
Q

lipolysis

A

breaking a triglyceride into 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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11
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the flow of energy in a biological system the conversion of macronutrients into biological usable forms of energy

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12
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reactions that store or absorb energy and include anabolic processes

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13
Q

exergonic reactions

A

energy releasing reactions that are generally catabolic

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14
Q

coupled reactions

A

free energy from exergonic reactions serve to drive endergonic reactions

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15
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

building of a glucose molecule from amino acids or lactate

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16
Q

glycogenolysis

A

a breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules

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17
Q

glycogenesis

A

combining glucose molecules to store as glycogen

18
Q

lipogenesis

A

combining 3 fatty acids with a glycerol molecule to form a triglyceride

19
Q

beta oxidation

A

catabolizing fatty acids into acetyl-CoAmolecules

20
Q

proteolysis

A

catabolizing (protein)

21
Q

be able to calculate energy expenditure from oxygen consumption

A

multiply by 5

22
Q

How/why is lactate formed

A

when the body has plenty of oxygen, pyruvate is shuttled to an aerobic pathway to be further broken down for more energy. But when oxygen is limited, the body temporarily converts pyruvate into a substance called lactate, which allows glucose breakdown and thus energy production to continue

23
Q

what is the crossover concept

A

rely more heavily on carbohydrates for energy at higher intensities, use more carbs

24
Q

What is RER and what does it tell us

A

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) is the ratio between the volume of CO2 being produced by the body and the amount of O2 being consumed. This value of ratio gives us an indication as to whether the body is operating aerobically or anaerobically (VCO2/VO2) equation

25
Q

How much ATP do we form during glycolysis from glucose and glycogen

A

glycolysis: 2 ATP
glycogen: 2 ATP
Glucose: 3 ATP

26
Q

what are the 3 Energy systems and during what exercise conditions is each most active

A

Phosphagen (sarcoplasm)(utilization); Glycolytic (sarcoplasm)(Production); Oxidative (mitochondria)(activation)

27
Q

which substrate produces the greatest amount of ATP per unit

A

fat

28
Q

How much ATP is formed from one unit of FADH2 and NADH+H

A

1.5, 2.5 FADH

29
Q

how does the electron transport chain use the potential energy from hydrogen ions to form ATP

A

in oxidative phosphorylation, the hydrogen ion gradient formed by the electron transport chain is used by ATP synthase to form ATP.. The turning of this molecular machine harnesses the potential energy stored in the hydrogen ion gradient to ass a phosphate to ADP, forming ATP

30
Q

what is the primary determinant of fuel utilization during exercise

A

intensity

31
Q

what is the fick equation

A

VO2=Qx(a-VO2 diff.) Q=SV x HR

32
Q

how much oxygen is extracted at the tissues at rest and during exercise

A

oxygen extraction ranges between 20-40% . During heavy exercise, approximately 70-80% of the oxygen delivered to the active muscles may be extracted

33
Q

which substrates can produce ATP anaerobically

A

glycolysis and creatine phosphate

34
Q

which substrate can produce ATP aerobically

A

fat

35
Q

which substrate can produce ATP anaerobically and aerobically

A

Carbohydrates

36
Q

what does a kinase enzyme do

A

it transfers a phosphate group to free hydroxyl groups on target molecules, including both proteins and small molecules such as glucose

37
Q

what is maximal oxygen consumption

A

maximal is reached when oxygen consumption plateaus or increases only slightly with additional increases in exercise intensity

38
Q

what is peak oxygen consumption

A

peak is measured during a specific test, it corresponds to any peak attained in tests that are lower than the truly maximal oxygen consumption

39
Q

what occurs during the process of pyruvate dehydrogenase converting pyruvate into acetyl-coA

A

in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coA, each pyruvate molecule loses one carbon atom with the release of carbon dioxide. During the break down of pyruvate, electrons are transferred to NAD+ to produce NADH, which will be used by the cell to produce ATP

40
Q

what is steady state exercise

A

steady state “graphically as a plateau in VO2 at a constant sub maximal workload

41
Q

what is the oxygen deficit

A

is the sum of the minute differences between the measured oxygen uptake and the oxygen uptake occurring during steady state work at the same rate

42
Q

what is the cori cycle

A

conversion of lactate into glucose

KIN 476 (1 decks)

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