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Anatomy > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

parts of the skeletal system

A

bones
joints
cartilages
ligaments

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2
Q

two subdivisions of the skeleton

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

support the body, protection of soft organs, allow movement via attached muscles, store mineral and fats, blood cell formation

A

functions of the bones

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4
Q

the adult skeleton has _____ bones

A

206

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5
Q

two basic types of osseous (bone) tissue

A

compact bone and spongy bones

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6
Q

is dense, smooth, and homogeneous

A

compact bone

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7
Q

is small needle-like pieces of bone with any open space

A

spongy bone

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8
Q

consists of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone

A

flat bones

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9
Q

bones are classified on the basis of shape into four groups

A

long, flat, short, irregular

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10
Q

typically longer than they are wide, shaft with enlarged ends, contain mostly compact bone; spongy bone at ends,

A

long bones

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11
Q

all bones are long bones except for

A

wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones

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12
Q

thin, flattened, and usually curved, two thin layers of compact bone sandwich a layer of spongy bone between them

A

flat bones

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13
Q

generally cube-shaped, contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone, sesamoid bones are a type of bone that form within tendons

A

short bones

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14
Q

irregular shape, do not fit into other bone classification categories

A

irregular bones

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15
Q

What is the relationship between muscle function and
bones?

A

Muscles move bones, the skeletal system is the moveable frame for muscles

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16
Q

What are two possible functions of a bone’s marrow
cavity?

A

Fat/mineral storage and blood cell production

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17
Q

Where are most long bones found in the body?

A

limbs

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18
Q

▪ Makes up most of bone’s length
▪ Composed of compact bone

A

diaphysis

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19
Q

Outside covering of the diaphysis
▪ Fibrous connective tissue membrane
▪ Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers secure ________
to underlying bone

A

periosteum

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20
Q

Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by
thin layer of compact bone

A

epiphysis

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21
Q

▪ Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
▪ Made of hyaline cartilage
▪ Decreases friction at joint surfaces

A

articular cartilage

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22
Q

▪ Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
▪ Seen in adult bones

A

epiphyseal line

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23
Q

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young,
growing bone
▪ Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone

A

epiphyseal plate

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24
Q

Lines the inner surface of the shaft
▪ Made of connective tissue

A

endosteum

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25
Q

Cavity inside the shaft
▪ Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
▪ Contains red marrow for blood cell formation until
age 6 or 7

A

medullary cavity

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26
Q

Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and
ligaments
– Passages for nerves and blood vessels

A

bone markings

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27
Q

– Projections or processes—grow out from the bone
surface
– Depressions or cavities—indentations

A

categories of bone markings

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28
Q

Composed of small, needlelike pieces of bone called and open spaces

A

trabeculae

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29
Q

Open spaces are filled by

A

marrow, blood vessels, and
nerves

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30
Q

is relatively lightweight and resists
tension and other forces

A

bone

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31
Q

make bone
flexible and have great tensile strength (stretch
without breaking)

A

organic parts (collagen fibers)

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32
Q

deposited in the bone make
bone hard (resists compression)

A

calcium salts

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33
Q

-Ossification is the process of_____

A

bone formation and growth

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34
Q

By birth, most cartilage is converted to bone except for
two regions in a long bone

A
  1. Articular cartilages
  2. Epiphyseal plates
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35
Q

– Bones grow in width
– Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone matrix to the
outside of the diaphysis
– Osteoclasts in the endosteum remove bone from the
inner surface of the diaphysis

A

appositional growth

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36
Q

Bone growth is controlled by hormones, such as

A

growth hormone and sex hormones

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37
Q

What is the process of bone formation?

A

ossification

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38
Q

Describe trabeculae.

A

small, needlelike pieces of bone

39
Q

What is the shaft of a long bone called? What are the ends
of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis / Epiphysis

40
Q

What helps muscles attach to bones?

A

bone markings

41
Q

break in a bone

A

fracture

42
Q

is a break that does not penetrate the skin

A

closed (simple) fracture

43
Q

is a broken bone that
penetrates through the skin

A

Open (compound) fracture

44
Q

Bone fractures are treated by

A

reduction and
immobilization

45
Q

bones are manually put into
position by physician’s hands

A

closed reduction

46
Q

bones are secured with pins or
wires during surgery

A

open reduction

47
Q

bone breaks into three or more fragments

A

comminuted

48
Q

bone is crushed

A

compression

49
Q

broken bone portion is pressed inward

A

depressed

50
Q

broken bone ends are forced into each other

A

impacted

51
Q

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

A

spiral

52
Q

bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks

A

greenstick

53
Q

Repair of bone fractures involves four major events

A
  1. Hematoma is formed
  2. Fibrocartilage callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occurs
54
Q

the axial skeleton divides into three parts

A

skull, vertebral column, and the bony thorax

55
Q

Two sets of bones form the skull

A
  1. Cranium bones enclose the brain
  2. Facial bones
56
Q

Bones are joined by

A

sutures (immovable joints)

57
Q

Only the mandible is attached by a

A

freely movable joint

58
Q

– Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
– Functions of paranasal sinuses

A

paranasal sinuses

59
Q

– Closely related to mandible and temporal bones
– The only bone that does not articulate with another
bone
– Serves as a movable base for the tongue
– Aids in swallowing and speech

A

hyoid bone

60
Q

provides axial support Extends from skull to the pelvis

A

vertebral column

61
Q

– Spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions
– Present from birth
– Form a C-shaped curvature in newborns

A

primary curvatures

62
Q

– Spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions
– Develop after birth
– Form an S-shaped curvature in adults

A

Secondary curvatures

63
Q

protects organs of the thoracic cavity

A

thoracic cage

64
Q

thoracic cage consists of three parts

A

sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae

65
Q
  • Composed of 126 bones
    – Limbs (appendages)
    – Pectoral girdle
    – Pelvic girdle
A

appendicular skeleton

66
Q

Also called pectoral girdle
Composed of two bones that attach the upper limb to the
axial skeletal
1. Clavicle
2. Scapula

Allows the upper limb a exceptional flexibility

A

shoulder girdle

67
Q

– Forms the arm
– Single bone
– Proximal end articulation
▪ Head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the
scapula

– Distal end articulation
▪ Trochlea and capitulum articulate with the bones
of the forearm

A

humerus

68
Q

medial bone in anatomical position

▪ Proximal end articulation
– Coronoid process and olecranon articulate with
the humerus

A

ulna

69
Q

lateral bone in anatomical position

▪ Proximal end articulation
– Head articulates with the capitulum of the
humerus

A

radius

70
Q

wrist bones
▪ bones arranged in two rows of 4 bones in each hand

A

carpals

71
Q

palm bones
▪ 5 per hand (usually)

A

metacarpals

72
Q

fingers and thumb
▪ In each finger, there are 3 bones
▪ In the thumb, there are only 2 bones

A

phalanges

73
Q

Formed by two coxal bones
* Composed of three pairs of fused bones
1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis

A

pelvic girdle

74
Q

two coxal bones, sacrum

A

pelvic girdle

75
Q

two coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx

A

pelvis

76
Q

protects several organs
– Reproductive organs
– Urinary bladder
– Part of the large intestine

A

pelvis

77
Q

The heaviest, strongest bone in the body
– Proximal end articulation
▪ Head articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal
(hip) bone

– Distal end articulation
▪ Lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia
in the lower leg

A

femur

78
Q

shinbone; larger and medially oriented

▪ Proximal end articulation
– Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the
femur to form the knee joint

▪ Distal end articulation
– Medial malleolus forms the inner part of the ankle

A

tibia

79
Q

thin and sticklike; lateral to the tibia
▪ Has no role in forming the knee joint
▪ Distal end articulation
– Lateral malleolus forms the outer part of the ankle

A

fibula

80
Q

▪ Two largest tarsals are the:

A

Calcaneus (heel bone)
– Talus

81
Q

bones form the sole of the foot

A

metatarsals

82
Q

bones form the toes

A

phalanges

83
Q

are articulations
– Occur where two or more bones meet

A

joints

84
Q

Hold bones together securely
– Allow for mobility

A

joints

85
Q

Two ways joints are classified

A

functionally and structurally

86
Q

▪ Immovable joints

A

synarthroses

87
Q

▪ Slightly movable joints

A

amphiarthrosis

88
Q

Freely movable joints

A

diarthroses

89
Q

Generally immovable

A

fibrous joints

90
Q

Immovable or slightly movable

A

cartilaginous joints

91
Q

Freely movable

A

synovial joints

92
Q

– Immobile

A

sutures

93
Q

– Allow more movement than sutures but still immobile
– Found on the distal ends of tibia and fibula

A

syndesmosis

94
Q

– Immobile
– Found where the teeth meet the facial bones

A

gomphoses

Anatomy (16 decks)

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