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Physiology 3 > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Pigmented area around nipple

A

Areola

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2
Q

What do sertoli cells synthesize?

A

ABP (androgen binding protein)

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3
Q

How does corpus spongiosum begin? What is it covered by?

A

As bulb of penis covered by bulbospongiosus muscle.

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4
Q

Increased basal body temp, changes in cervical mucus, cervix softens, Mittelschmerz pain

A

Signs of ovulation

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5
Q

Phases of Meiosis II?

A

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis

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6
Q

Where are sertoli cells?

A

seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

Packets of discarded DNA, the secondary oocyte receives most to the cytoplasm and organelles

A

Polar bodies

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8
Q

What are the steps of meiosis I?

A

Prophase i, metaphase i, anaphase i, telophase i, cytokinesis

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9
Q

Sertoli cell AKA

A

sustentacular cell

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10
Q

Where do ALL STAGES OF SPERM DEVELOPMENT occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

Spermatids are (X & Y together/X or Y).

A

X or Y (normal)

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12
Q

Why is Meiosis I called reduction division?

A

I️t reduces number of chromosomes to half (1n - haploid)

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13
Q

Milk-secreting glands open by ____________ ducts at the nipples.

A

Lactiferous

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14
Q

What cells extend from basement membrane to lumen?

A

Sertoli cells

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15
Q

In the testes there are septa that form what?

A

200-300 compartments called lobules

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16
Q

Starting at puberty, each month, hormones cause _____ to resume in several follicles so that ______ is reached by ovulation. However, usually only one ______ reaches maturity and is ovulated.

A

Meiosis 1; metaphase of meiosis 2; oocyte

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17
Q

Increasing _______ levels trigger the secretion of _______ in the ovary in the preovulatory phase (follicular phase)

A

Estrogen; LH

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18
Q

Spermatids are (unique/the same).

A

unique

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19
Q

What is required to initiate and maintain male sexual behavior?

A

Testosterone

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20
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis, meiosis I️ & II?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)

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21
Q

Ovary in postovulatory phase (luteal phase): if fertilization did not occur- as ovarian hormone levels drop near the end of the cycle, secretions of ______, ______, and _____ rise.

A

GnRH, FSH, and LH

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22
Q

Genetic Recombination produces ____________________________

A

sister gametes that are unlike each other and unlike either parent. (Prophase I, Meiosis I)

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23
Q

What is “independently assorted”?

A

Maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes

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24
Q

what is the difference between secondary spermatocyte and spermatid?

A

secondary has replicated chromosomes

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25
Q

What does midpiece of sperm contain?

A

mitochondria to form ATP

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26
Q

Diploid cells consist of ______ pairs of chromosomes for a total of ________

A

23, 46

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27
Q

Semen contains ____________ plus __________________.

A

sperm, glandular secretions

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28
Q

Somatic cells AKA ___________ cells.

A

diploid

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29
Q

The seminal vesicles _____________________ in the vagina & in the male urethra.

A

neutralize acidity

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30
Q

When would a semen analysis be bad news?

A

if it reveals lack of forward motility, low count, or abnormal shapes

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31
Q

The mucosal layer of the vagina contains what type of epithelium and connective tissue? What does it have large storage of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue. Has large stores of glycogen breakdown to produce acidic pH

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32
Q

_________ have an X and a smaller Y chromosome.

A

Males

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33
Q

Normally flagella are _____________, have ____________ movement, and function is to _____________________.

A

alone, whip-like, propel cell within media

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34
Q

Loose CT that binds it to other organs (vagina)

A

Adventitia layer of the vagina

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35
Q

What is secreted by the hypothalamus and controls the female reproductive system

A

GnRH

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36
Q

Reasons for hysterectomy

A
  1. Endometriosis 2. Ovarian cysts 3. Excessive bleeding 4. Cancer cervix, uterus, or ovaries
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37
Q

What is the paired oval glands of male reproductive system (2x1 in)?

A

Testes

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38
Q

At puberty, one with a 5 alpha-reductase deficiency will present with?

A

breasts failing to develop, masculine characteristics appear, internal exam see testes

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39
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

a membranous sac containing hyalurodinase and proteinase enzymes (help with ECM breakdown and movement to egg)

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40
Q

What is purpose of alkaline mucus that cowper’s gland secretes?

A

It neutralizes acids and lubricates

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41
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is (more/less) potent than regular testosterone.

A

more

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42
Q

Inhibits the secretion of FSH

A

Inhibin

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43
Q

How does corpora cavernosa begin?

A

as crura of penis attached to ischial and pubic rami

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44
Q

Are hernias more common in males or females?

A

Males

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45
Q

Semen is a mixture of what 2 things?

A

Sperm and seminal fluid

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46
Q

what is corpora cavernosa covered by?

A

ischiocavernosus muscle

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47
Q

Capsule of dense connective tissue around ovaries-under germinal epithelium

A

Tunica albuginea

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48
Q

What stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone?

A

LH

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49
Q

The tail region of the epididymis continues as _______________.

A

ductus deferens

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50
Q

Daughter cells of mitosis have (the same/different) number of chromosomes from the parent.

A

Same

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51
Q

5 functions of sertoli cells:

A
  1. support developing sperm cells 2. produce fluid & control release of sperm into the lumen 3. secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH 4. synthesize ABP 5. form blood-testes barrier
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52
Q

Why does a baby with deficiency of 5 alpha-reductase externally look like a female?

A

due to lack of DHT during development

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53
Q

What is product of Meiosis 2 of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatids

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54
Q

What is testicular feminization?

A

recessive (x-linked) disorder where receptor for testosterone is defective

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55
Q

What is result of Meiosis I?

A

2 cells with haploid number of chromosomes generally distinct

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56
Q

What stimulates spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

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57
Q

During an erection, blood enters the penis doing what?

A

compression veins, so blood is trapped

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58
Q

After puberty, _______ complete meiosis 1, which produces ________ and a first polar body that may or may not divide again

A

Primary oocytes; secondary oocyte

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59
Q

The spiral arterioles supply what….

A

Stratum functionalis of endometrium

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60
Q

How many chromosomes are in secondary spermatocyte?

A

23 (haploid)

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61
Q

Surgical removal of the uterus

A

Hysterectomy

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62
Q

Composed of 3 layers of smooth muscle in the uterus

A

Myometrium

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63
Q

What hormone is high in the fetus, and drops once nursing for long periods?

A

Prolactin levels

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64
Q

In crossing over of prophase I of meoisis, parts of ______________ chromosomes may be exchanged with ________________ ones.

A

maternal, paternal

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65
Q

What four things does prostate gland do/supply?

A
  1. citric acid 2. enzymes for liquefication 3. PSA (prostate-specific antigen) 4. seminalplasmin (antibiotic)
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66
Q

______ levels rise as follicle matures, so you are ready to ovulate. Pituitary is told to release ________ to start ovulation

A

Estrogen; LH

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67
Q

Sertoli cells support ___________________.

A

developing sperm cells

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68
Q

What is a form of male sterilization where vas deferens is cut off and tied?

A

Vasectomy

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69
Q

6-7 layer granulosa cells surround oocyte

A

Primary follicle

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70
Q

Narrow, 4 inch tube, that extends from ovary to uterus and is open at both ends

A

Uterine/ Fallopian tubes

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71
Q

What are all structures passing to and from the testes?

A
  1. testicular artery 2. Pampiniform Plexus of Veins 3. autonomic nerves 4. lymphatic bessels 5. vas deferens 6. cremaster “CLAP TV”
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72
Q

Which process is referred to as reduction division?

A

Meiosis I️

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73
Q

What is a 2 inch long tunnel passing through the 3 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall - weakens wall?

A

Inguinal canal

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74
Q

What forms the blood-testes barrier?

A

sertoli cells

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75
Q

Antrum forms in what stage of follicular development

A

Secondary follicle

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76
Q

How do somatic cells divide?

A

Mitosis

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77
Q

What allows for normal gene products from any haploid cell to complement defective cells?

A

Cytoplasmic bridge.

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78
Q

What hormones stimulates theca cells?

A

LH

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79
Q

When does independent assortment occur?

A

During Meiosis I

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80
Q

What is glans penis covered by?

A

loosely fitting prepuce or foreskin

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81
Q

what is the post-ovulatory phase called in the uterus?

A

secretory phase

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82
Q

What stimulates smooth muscle contraction in theca helping with ovulation

A

LH

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83
Q

2 functions of Vas Deferens?

A
  1. Convey sperm along through peristaltic contractions (need long and circular mm) 2. Store sperm viable for several months
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84
Q

Where does sperm reach the oocyte

A

In the ampulla

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85
Q

Preparation of uterus to receive fertilized ovum, and if implantation does not occur, the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation

A

Uterine cycle

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86
Q

Most common cause of breast lumps, cysts and thickening of alveoli develop

A

Fibrocystic disease of the breasts

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87
Q

During sexual arousal, what does bulbourethral gland secrete?

A

Alkaline mucus into spongy urethra

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88
Q

Region just deep to tunica in the ovary, contains the follicles

A

Cortex

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89
Q

Outer serous membrane of Fallopian tube

A

Serosa layer of Fallopian tube

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90
Q

What regions does epididymis have?

A

Head, body and tail

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91
Q

Is testosterone production negative or positive feedback?

A

negative

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92
Q

Transport the fertilized ova

A

Uterine tubes

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93
Q

What branches penetrate to the endometrium

A

Straight and spiral branches

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94
Q

________ begins in meiosis 2 but stops in metaphase

A

Secondary oocyte

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95
Q

What does seminal vesicles secrete?

A

Alkaline, viscous fluid

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96
Q

How many layers of the vagina are there? What are they?

A

3: mucosal, muscularis, adventitia

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97
Q

What is ovulated?

A

A secondary oocyte and the first polar body

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98
Q

_______ Hysterectomy removes uterus, tubes, ovaries, part of vagina, pelvic lymph nodes, and supporting ligaments

A

Radical

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99
Q

What is the sac of loose skin, fascia, and smooth muscle divided into two pouches by a septum?

A

scrotum

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100
Q

Millions present a birth, then atresia occurs, but only 400 mature during a woman’s life

A

Primary oocytes

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101
Q

When are estrogen levels highest in the uterine cycle? Why are they highest during this time?

A

Preovulatory phase because follicles are growing producing more and more and its an anabolic hormone promoting rebuilding

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102
Q

How many layer to the Fallopian tube? What are they?

A

3: mucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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103
Q

Most immature follicle cell?

A

Primordial

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104
Q

Oocytes and surrounding follicular cells make up what?

A

Follicles

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105
Q

Testosterone & DHT bind to ___________________ and change ______________.

A

intracellular receptors (Lipid-soluble), genetic activity

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106
Q

What is the likeliness of cryptorchidism in a full-term baby vs. a premature infant?

A

3%, 30%

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107
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Meiotic Prophase I

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108
Q

___________ have two X chromosomes.

A

Females

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109
Q

Mature follicle, oocyte within is arrested at metaphase of meiosis II at ovulation time

A

Graafian follicle

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110
Q

What type of reproduction creates genetic diversity? By what process?

A

Sexual through Meiosis 1 and 2

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111
Q

What happens to the daughter cells produced by spermatogonium? Haploid/Diploid?

A

One daughter cell kept in reserve One differentiates into primary spermatocyte BOTH DIPLOID

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112
Q

(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) reflex causes ejaculation.

A

sympathetic

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113
Q

Why is sperm adapted?

A

to reach and penetrate a secondary oocyte

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114
Q

Inhibin causes the stimulation or inhibition of what hormones?

A

Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH

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115
Q

Gametes consist of how many chromosomes?

A

SINGLE SET of 23 chromosomes

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116
Q

During fetal development, germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary and become ______?

A

Oogonia

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117
Q

A spermatogonium is (X & Y together/X or Y).

A

X & Y together

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118
Q

What muscle is found in spermatic cord?

A

Cremaster

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119
Q

The descent of testes develops near what?

A

kidney on posterior abdominal wall

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120
Q

What is the study of the urinary system and the male reproductive system?

A

Urology

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121
Q

What is the pathway of ductus (vas) deferens?

A
  1. Ascends along posterior border of epididymis 2. Up through spermatic cord and inguinal lig 3. Reaches posterior surface of urinary bladder 4. empties into prostatic urethra with seminal vesicle
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122
Q

During fetal development, ______ begins but stops in prophase.

A

Meiosis 1

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123
Q

Primary spermatocytes are (haploid/diploid).

A

diploid

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124
Q

Before puberty, what does testosterone do?

A

Small amounts of test inhibit GnRH release

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125
Q

Where do you need blood tests barrier in spermatogenesis?

A

between 1 & 2 spermatocyte

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126
Q

How does prostate change with age?

A

it enlarges

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127
Q

Facilitates implantation in the relaxed uterus

A

Relaxin

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128
Q

What is single organ the size of a chestnut found inferior to the bladder with many duct openings?

A

Prostate gland

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129
Q

What does prostate gland secrete?

A

milky, pH 6.5 fluid

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130
Q

What stimulates final steps in spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone

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131
Q

What is purpose of muscularis layer of fallopian tube, and what is it composed of?

A

Use peristalsis to help move the ovum down the uterus / Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle

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132
Q

Glycoprotein layer between oocyte and granulosa

A

Zona pellucida

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133
Q

The seminal vesicles produce prostaglandins to?

A

stimulate sperm motility and viability (regulation of smooth muscle)

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134
Q

Where are Leydig cells located?

A

between seminiferous tubules

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135
Q

Spermatogonium reproduce by (mitosis/meiosis I/meiosis II).

A

mitosis

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136
Q

What are the two major contributions to reassortment of genetic material?

A

Independent assortment and crossing over

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137
Q

What hormone acts on granulosa cells?

A

FSH

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138
Q

What is synapsis in prophase I of meiosis?

A

all copies of homologous chromosomes pair off forming a tetrad

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139
Q

Testosterone _____________ sexual behavior and libido, increases _______________ and ___________ the voice in puberty.

A

increases, male metabolism (bone/muscle mass increase), deepens

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140
Q

Passageway for birth, menstrual flow, and intercourse

A

Vagina

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141
Q

High levels of estrogen (without progesterone) cause the stimulation or inhibition of what hormones?

A

Stimulation of GnRH, LH, and FSH (Androgens)

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142
Q

What 3 places are testosterone produced?

A
  1. Interstitial (Leydig) 2. Adrenal Cortex 3. Sustentacular (Sertoli) Cells
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143
Q

What does Meiosis II have in common with mitosis?

A

CENTROMERES SPLIT SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE and move towards opposite poles of the cell

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144
Q

Each chromosome of secondary spermatocyte has?

A

2 chromatids joined by centromere

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145
Q

Gametes are (haploid/diploid).

A

haploid

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146
Q

Shed during menstruation

A

Stratum functionalis

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147
Q

What is loop of intestine protruding through the deep ring?

A

Indirect hernia

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148
Q

Meiosis II from secondary spermatocytes to spermatids separates ______________.

A

split sister chromatids

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149
Q

What occurs during sexual stimulation that dilates the arteries supplying the penis?

A

Erection

150
Q

Precursor to androgens in Leydig Cell?

A

Cholesterol to pregnenolone to testosterone to blood to develop muscles and to Sertoli cell to bind with ABP (increasing testosterone half-life/efficacy)

151
Q

what is the pre-ovulatory phase called in the uterus?

A

proliferative phase

152
Q

When are progesterone levels the highest in the uterine cycle

A

Postovulatory phase

153
Q

The mucosal layer of the Fallopian tube is composed of?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium with secretory cells that provide nutrients and the cilia move along the ovum

154
Q

Gonads produce __________________ & secrete ______________________.

A

Gametes, sex hormones

155
Q

What is the pathway of sperm flow through the ducts of the testis?

A

seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts, ductus epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens

156
Q

The seminal vesicles produce clotting factors for?

A

the coagulation of semen

157
Q

What does the defective testosterone receptors do in testicular feminization?

A

testes fail to descend and no male secondary characteristics form (looks like females)

158
Q

What is the prenatal effect of testosterone?

A

male gonads and genitalia development

159
Q

Testes descend into _____________ by passing through _______________.

A

scrotum, inguinal canal

160
Q

What happens to centromeres during anaphase I of Meiosis I?

A

It remains intact UNLIKE anaphase of mitosis and meiosis II.

161
Q

When does meiosis 2 resume?

A

After fertilization

162
Q

Why is seminalplasmin produced in the prostate?

A

prevents UTI’s in males

163
Q

Hypogonadism will provide resistance to what…. example?

A

androgens; testicular feminization

164
Q

Semen is slightly _______________, has a _____________ appearance, and is _______________.

A

alkaline, milky, sticky

165
Q

Meiosis I from primary to secondary spermatocytes separates ____________.

A

homologous chromosomes

166
Q

In hypogonadism, it can increase risk of what 2 cancers?

A

prostate and testicular

167
Q

What is small slit in glans penis?

A

Exernal urethral orifice

168
Q

Smooth muscle that allows considerable stretch of the vagina

A

Muscularis layer of vagina

169
Q

What levels drop right after birth during lactation?

A

Gonadal hormones

170
Q

During puberty, hypothalamus secretes ___________________ into portal system and stimulates ___________________.

A

releasing hormones (GnRH); adenohypophysis

171
Q

What arteries supply the myometrium

A

Uterine arteries branch as arcuate arteries and radial arteries

172
Q

LH stimulates ______________. LH promotes formation of ______________________ which secretes what 4 things?

A

Stimulates ovulation and promotes formation of the corpus luteum which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin

173
Q

What is the paired, pea-sized gland within the UG diaphragm?

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland

174
Q

When are the testes supposed to descend?

A

7th month of fetal development

175
Q

What kind of feedback occurs between estrogen and LH in the uterine cycle

A

Positive

176
Q

what is the post-ovulatory phase called in the ovary?

A

luteal phase

177
Q

Some oogonia will differentiate into _________ and stop in ___________ (still in utero)

A

Primary oocytes; prophase of meiosis 1

178
Q

Vascular, surrounds granulosa cells of follicle in ovary

A

Theca interna

179
Q

Each pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell is _______________. Meaning?

A

Homologous = similar genes in same order

180
Q

What levels do you check if you suspect prostate cancer?

A

PSA

181
Q

Secondary spermatocyte turns into spermatid by (mitosis/meiosis I/meiosis II).

A

Meiosis II

182
Q

Skin of scrotum contains what?

A

dartos muscle causing wrinkling

183
Q

Nourish the maturing oocyte

A

Granulosa cells

184
Q

Ovary in postovulatory phase (luteal phase): if fertilization did occur what happens?

A

developing embryo secretes hCG which maintains corpus luteum and its hormone secretion (Human chorionic gonadotrophin)

185
Q

FSH rises in pre-ovulatory phase; why do we need FSH to increase?

A

To promote follicular growth-granulosa cells that secrete more and more estrogen

186
Q

2 reasons for cytoplasmic bridge:

A
  1. Haploid cells with one or more defective genes will die if they do not get the normal product of those genes; bridges allow for normal gene products from any of haploid cells to complement defective cell 2. In sperm, one has the X chromosome which carries vital genes, while other has only Y. It is impossible for Y carrying cells to mature without X-chromosome gene products.
187
Q

Vagina and external genitalia constitutes the _______

A

Vulva

188
Q

What is ductus (vas) deferens lined with? covered with?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, heavy coating of smooth muscle

189
Q

Multiple ______________ become a single ductus epididymis in the ___________ region of the epididymis.

A

efferent ducts, head

190
Q

It is impossible for _____________ cells to mature without X-chromosome gene products.

A

Y carrying

191
Q

What is hypogonadism a result from?

A

defects in spermatogenesis and or steroidogenesis

192
Q

Vascular tissue, differentiates into theca externa and theca interna in ovary

A

Theca folliculi

193
Q

Why does prostate gland secrete enzymes for liquefaction?

A

Protection (lysozyme), breakdown clotting proteins to free sperm or reliquify it

194
Q

What are 3 functions of epididymis?

A
  1. Site of sperm maturation - motility increases over 2 week period 2. Storage for 1-2 months 3. Propels sperm onward
195
Q

Open, funnel shaped portion near the ovary

A

Infundibulum

196
Q

When sperm production is sufficient: Sertoli cells?FSH?Sperm production?

A

SC release inhibin, inhibits FSH secretion by anterior pituitary, decreases sperm production

197
Q

Once LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone, what happens?

A

enzyme in prostate/seminal vesicles converts testosterone into DHT

198
Q

When there is an increase in testosterone, what will be inhibited? Causing slow release of?

A

secretion of GnRH, anterior pituitary hormones (FSH/LH)

199
Q

What secretes testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

200
Q

Most constant timeline in the uterine cycle (last 14 days)

A

Postovulatory phase

201
Q

In a diploid cell, 22 pairs of chromosomes are _______________, while 1 pair is ____________________.

A

Autosomes, sex chromosomes

202
Q

Follicular secretion of _______ and ______ has slowed the secretion of ______ in the ovary. When does this happen?

A

Estrogen; inhibin; FSH During the preovulatory phase (follicular phase)

203
Q

What does head of sperm contain?

A
  1. Nucleus (DNA) 2. Acrosome
204
Q

Spermatogenesis starts with?

A

Spermatogonium (stem cells) giving rise to 2 daughter cells by mitosis

205
Q

CT under germinal epithelium in ovary

A

Tunica albuginea

206
Q

How do developing 4 spermatids remain intact?

A

cytoplasmic bridge

207
Q

What is comma-shaped organ, 1.5 inches long along posterior border of each testis (20 foot tube if uncoiled)?

A

epididymis

208
Q

Replaces stratum functionalis each month

A

Stratum basalis

209
Q

What is purpose of ejaculatory duct?

A

Adds fluid to prostatic urethra just before ejaculation

210
Q

What is when the loop of intestine pushes through posterior wall of inguinal canal?

A

Direct hernia

211
Q

What are 3 accessory sex glands?

A

Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (cowper’s) gland

212
Q

What is spermiation?

A

Release of sperm cells from a sertoli (sustentacular cell)

213
Q

In crossing-over of prophase I of meoisis, portions of _______________ are exchanged between any member of the ________________.

A

chromatids, tetrad

214
Q

What happens to untreated B/L cryptorchidism?

A

sterility and greater risk of testicular cancer

215
Q

Where does inguinal canal begin and end?

A

Originates at deep inguinal ring and ends at superficial ring

216
Q

When are LH levels highest in the uterine cycle

A

Just prior to ovulation- high estrogen stimulates LH

217
Q

What does fertilization produce?

A

One cell with one set of chromosomes from each parent

218
Q

What produce milk?

A

Mammary glands

219
Q

Simple epithelial covering over the ovary

A

Germinal epithelium

220
Q

What is emission of penis?

A

propulsion of sperm sympathetically into urethra by peristalsis

221
Q

Site of fertilization (where sperm cell penetrates oocyte)

A

Ampulla

222
Q

Spermatids are (haploid/diploid).

A

haploid

223
Q

In crossing over portions of ________________ are exchanged between __________________.

A

Chromatids, homologous chromosomes

224
Q

Primary spermatocyte turns into secondary spermatocyte by (mitosis/meiosis I/meiosis II).

A

meiosis I

225
Q

In metaphase I of Meoisis I, ___________________________________ along the equatorial plane with attached ___________________.

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes line up; microtubules

226
Q

Gametes (sex cells) divide in two stages of ______________________________.

A

Meiosis (I️ & II)

227
Q

Ovary during preovulatory phase (follicular phase): what occurs with size of follicle?

A

dominate follicle survives to day 6. By day 14, Graafian follicle has enlarged and bulges at surface

228
Q

A circumcision, or removal of prepuce 3-4 days after birth possibly lowers what?

A

UTI’s, cancer, and STD’s

229
Q

What results from ovulation

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

230
Q

Narrowest portion of Fallopian tube that joins uterus

A

Isthmus

231
Q

What accounts for synchronized release of sperm that are 50/50 X & Y chromosomes?

A

Spermatids

232
Q

What neurotransmitter has an impact in the synaptic cleft?

A

Acetylcholine

233
Q

What 3 main things does semen contain?

A

nutrients, clotting proteins, and antibiotic seminalplasmin

234
Q

Lumpy, swollen and tender breast a week before menstruation begins

A

Fibrocystic disease of the breast

235
Q

______ hysterectomy removes cervix

A

Complete

236
Q

What events are uniquely only seen in prophase I of meiosis? not in mitosis or meiosis II

A

synapsis and crossing over

237
Q

Normally cilia are _____________, have ____________ movement, and function is to _____________________.

A

abundant, stiff power stroke, move media over direction of cell

238
Q

Changes in ovary during and after maturation of oocyte

A

Ovarian cycle

239
Q

During ejaculation, muscle contractions of epididymis do what?

A

close sphincter at base of bladder and move fluids through vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts

240
Q

The seminal vesicles produce _______________ for ATP production.

A

fructose

241
Q

Is an X or Y chromosome is essential for life?

A

X

242
Q

What is the glandular secretion and fluid of seminiferous tubules?

A

Semen

243
Q

Visceral peritoneum of the uterus

A

Perimetrium

244
Q

What steps of Meoisis 1 are similar to mitotic division?

A

telophase I and cytokinesis

245
Q

Ovary in postovulatory phase (luteal phase): if fertilization didnt occur, ______ is formed

A

Corpus albicans

246
Q

how do sertoli cells slow sperm production?

A

using inhibin to inhibit FSH

247
Q

What is the result of Meiosis I️?

A

Two haploid daughter cells each having 1 (duplicated) chromosome

248
Q

Ovulation wound, fills in with hormone secreting cells

A

Corpus luteum

249
Q

In uterus during postovulatory phase (secretory phase) what occurs?

A

hormones from corpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium and formation of more endometrial glands and vascularization

250
Q

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

A

GnRH

251
Q

Outside most layer of ovary (does NOT have germ cells)

A

Germinal epithelium

252
Q

FSH with testosterone stimulates __________________________.

A

sertoli cells to secrete ABP to keep local hormone levels high

253
Q

What occurs with 24 hours after ovulation

A

Fertilization

254
Q

Innermost granulosa layer, firmly attached to zona pellucida, is released with follicle during ovulation

A

Corona radiata

255
Q

Sertoli cells produce ____________ and control release of sperm into lumen.

A

fluid

256
Q

There are 2 sections in a cross-section of a penis; what are they?

A

Corpora cavernosa and Corpora spongiosum

257
Q

Sweep oocyte into uterine tube

A

Fimbriae

258
Q

What is the upper paired, erectile tissue masses?

A

Corpora Cavernosa

259
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Exchange of genetic material

260
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of sperm cells from spermatogonia

261
Q

How does corpus spongiosum end?

A

As Glans Penis

262
Q

initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen to maintain reproductive organs

A

FSH

263
Q

How do the oogonia divide in the fetus

A

Mitosis

264
Q

Suspend the breast from deep fascia of pectoral muscles

A

Suspensory ligaments

265
Q

The actions of many _____________ are needed to fertilize an egg.

A

Sperm

266
Q

The zygote reaches the uterus _____ days after ovulation.

A

7

267
Q

secondary spermatocytes are (haploid/diploid).

A

haploid

268
Q

What type of chromosomes is either X or Y?

A

Sex

269
Q

What cells can decrease testosterone secretion?

A

Leydig cells of testes

270
Q

What enzymes for liquefaction does prostate gland secrete?

A
  1. Lysozyme 2. hyaluronidase 3. amylase 4. fibrinolysis
271
Q

Declining levels of ______ caused spiral arteries to constrict, ischemia causes glandular tissue to die in menstrual phase in uterus

A

Progesterone

272
Q

What is a result of Meiosis II?

A

Division of replicated chromosome to yield a total of 4 haploid and different daughter cells

273
Q

Why does prostate gland secrete citric acid?

A

for ATP production (sperm motility)

274
Q

A single cell layer surrounding oocyte is what follicular stage?

A

Primordial follicle

275
Q

Moving, finger-like processes, one is attached to ovary

A

Fimbriae

276
Q

Sperm survival requires ____________________ than core body temperature.

A

3 degrees C or 6 degrees F degrees lower temperature

277
Q

What part of the urethra passes through the corpus spongiosum?

A

Penile

278
Q

In uterus during postovulatory phase (secretory phase): if no fertilization occurs- ______ will begin

A

Menstrual phase

279
Q

How are haploid cells produced?

A

Meiosis

280
Q

What happens in the ovary during the menstrual phase?

A
  1. 20 follicles that began to develop 6 days before are now beginning to secrete estrogen. 2. Fluid is filling the antrum from granulosa cells
281
Q

Site of menstruation and development of fetus

A

Anatomy of the uterus

282
Q

What are four things that seminal vesicle does?

A
  1. neutralizes acidity 2. fructose 3. prostaglandins 4. clotting proteins
283
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of the uterus

A

Fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix

284
Q

In a cryptorchidism condition ________% of the time during the first year of life. Surgical treatment is necessary _______________.

A

80, before 18 months

285
Q

(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) reflex causes erection.

A

Parasympathetic reflex

286
Q

(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) reflex causes emission.

A

Sympathetic

287
Q

What is the pre-ovulatory phase called in the ovary?

A

follicular phase

288
Q

Where fetal development occurs

A

Uterus

289
Q

What does tail of sperm contain?

A

flagellum used for locomotion

290
Q

what will detect increase in testosterone blood levels?

A

receptors in hypothalamus

291
Q

Space filled with fluid secreted by granulosa cells, generates hydrostatic pressure to expel the oocyte during ovulation

A

Antrum

292
Q

In anaphase I of Meoisis I, what occurs?

A

Each chromosome of tetrad is pulled to opposite ends of dividing cell

293
Q

What hormone controls milk letdown?

A

Oxytocin

294
Q

What is ductus epididymis lined with?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and layer of smooth muscle

295
Q

Mature follicle ovulation

A

Graafian follicle

296
Q

Primary spermatocyte turns into?

A

secondary spermatocyte

297
Q

What is only completed ONLY if the oocyte is fertilized by the sperm

A

Meiosis 2

298
Q

What is responsible for temperature regulation of testes?

A

scrotum

299
Q

If one has a rare genetic defect producing a deficiency of 5-alpha-reductase, what would not be happening?

A

Enzyme converted testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

300
Q

Primordial, primary, secondary, and graafian are the stages of what?

A

Follicular development

301
Q

What 3 things is prophase I️ of meiosis I️ responsible for?

A
  1. Chromosomes (already doubled) become visible
  2. Mitotic spindle appears
  3. Nuclear membrane & nucleoli disappear
302
Q

Lies between the urinary bladder and rectum, orifice is partially closed with membrane (hymen)

A

Vagina

303
Q

What unite to form a diploid zygote after fertilization

A

Nuclei of the sperm cells and the ovum

304
Q

Spermiogenesis is?

A

maturation of spermatids into sperm cells

305
Q

Secondary spermatocytes turn into…

A

4 spermatids

306
Q

What is the study of the female reproductive system?

A

Gynecology

307
Q

Deeper region of the ovary composed of connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphatics

A

Medulla

308
Q

In hypogonadism, the presence or absence of secondary sexual characteristics (eunuchiodism) can distinguish what?

A

between pre-pubertal and post-pubertal dysfunction

309
Q

Somatic cells that divide by mitosis produce what?

A

Daughter cells

310
Q

During puberty, what does testosterone do?

A

Test does not completely suppress GnRH release, resulting in increased FSH, LH and testosterone

311
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the penis?

A

bulb, crura, body, glans

312
Q

What is the maturation of spermatids into sperm cells?

A

spermiogenesis

313
Q

What is purpose of tunica vaginalis?

A

allows for easier movement of testes within the scrotum

314
Q

What part of the urethra passes through the UG diaphragm?

A

Membranous

315
Q

The body of the penis is composed of?

A

Three erectile tissue masses filled with blood sinuses

316
Q

What type of reproduction creates two identical daughter cells? By what process?

A

Asexual; mitosis

317
Q

What process produces daughter cells that are unlike each other and unlike either parent?

A

Crossing over

318
Q

What type of glands produce milk

A

Modified sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)

319
Q

What is the age at which individuals become capable of sexual reproduction?

A

Puberty

320
Q

What completes the job of ejaculation?

A

ischiocavernous and bulbospongiosus muscle

321
Q

What 3 things happen when primary spermatocyte goes through meiosis I?

A

DNA replication, tetrad formation, crossing over

322
Q

Sexual reproduction produces new individuals— germ cells called _________________.

A

Gametes

323
Q

What is the complex series of reflexes that results in erection of penis, secretion of mucus into urethra, emission, and ejaculation?

A

male sex act

324
Q

What happens to sperm production in vasectomy?

A

It continues, but sperm degenerates (100% effective, 40% reversible)

325
Q

Testes are filled with _______________________ where ______________ is formed.

A

2/3 seminiferous tubules where sperm is formed

326
Q

What is stuck in G1 (growth), and do not replicate?

A

SM, cardiac muscle, and neurons

327
Q

Moderate levels of estrogen cause the stimulation or inhibition of what hormones?

A

Inhibits GnRH, FSH, LH

328
Q

What cells convert androgens into estrogens?

A

Granulosa cells

329
Q

What is responsible of elevation of testes on exposure to cold and during arousal; warmth reverses process?

A

Cremaster

330
Q

Degeneration of oogonia

A

Atresia

331
Q

Each member of the pair of diploid cell is from _____________________. Exception?

A

Each parent; trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

332
Q

In uterus during preovulatory phase (proliferative phase): what occurs?

A

increasing estrogen levels have repaired and thickened the stratum functionalis

333
Q

What is the last passageway for semen and urine?

A

Penis

334
Q

What inhibits ovulation during nursing so you dont become pregnant again

A

Prolactin

335
Q

Prepares uterus for implantation and the mammary glands for milk secretion

A

Progesterone

336
Q

What do sertoli cells secrete?

A

inhibin to slow sperm production

337
Q

The Male Sex Act results in sensations in an organism associated with ___________ then ______________.

A

ejaculation, resolution

338
Q

What is the piece of peritoneum that descends with the testes into the scrotal sac?

A

Tunica vaginalis

339
Q

3 Testosterone functions:

A
  1. Development of male sex organs in embryo 2. Stimulates descent of testes 3. Enlargement of genitals and necessary structure for sperm cell formation
340
Q

When sperm production is insufficient: Sertoli cells? FSH? Sperm production?

A

SC release LESS inhibin, more FSH is secreted, increased sperm production

341
Q

What is 3 parts of the urethra where urine and semen pass through?

A

Prostatic, membranous, and penile (spongy)

342
Q

What does independent assortment produce?

A

2n different combinations

343
Q

What surrounds the urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

344
Q

Stimulation of erection is _______________ or ___________________.

A

tactile or psychological

345
Q

Most variable timeline in uterine cycle

A

Preovulatory phase that lasts on days 6 to 13

346
Q

What is stimulation of adenohypophysis from GnRH cause the secretion of?

A

LH & FSH

347
Q

What is function of milky fluid that prostate gland secretes?

A

increased sperm motility and viability

348
Q

Produce oocytes and hormones

A

Ovaries

349
Q

What is role of testosterone in puberty?

A

final development of secondary sexual characteristics and adult reproductive system

350
Q

What are ejaculatory ducts formed from?

A

duct of seminal vesicle and ampulla of vas deferens

351
Q

A secondary spermatocyte is (X & Y together/X or Y).

A

X or Y (replicated)

352
Q

Hypogonadism may be primary defect of what?

A

testis function or hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction

353
Q

Where are seminal vesicles located?

A

Posterior to base of bladder

354
Q

CT with smooth muscle and collagen in ovary

A

Theca externa

355
Q

Rupture of follicle and release of secondary oocyte on day 14

A

Ovulation

356
Q

What are the diploid male gametes?

A

Spermatogonium and primary spermatocyte

357
Q

Increasing levels of estrogen stimulate the release of ______which stimulates anterior pituitary to release more _____

A

GnRH; LH

358
Q

What is the enlarged distal end of corpus spongiosum?

A

Glans penis

359
Q

When meiosis 2 resumes after fertilization, the oocyte splits to form what? (2 things)

A

Ovum and second polar body

360
Q

What is a gamete composed of?

A

Sperm or 2nd oocyte

361
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

when testes do not descend into scrotum

362
Q

Pair of organs, size of unshelled almonds found in upper pelvic region of female

A

Ovaries

363
Q

White scar left after corpus luteum is not needed

A

Corpus albicans

364
Q

What are the testes surrounded by?

A

dense white capsule tunica albuginea

365
Q

Are chromatids or chromosomes separated during Meiosis I?

A

Chromosomes

366
Q

Endometrium is composed of what sections? Histologically what is it composed of?

A

stratum functionalis and stratum basalis / simple columnar epithelium

367
Q

What is the lower erectile tissue mass?

A

corpus spongiosum

368
Q

Excess of estrogen or deficiency of progesterone in the postovulatory

A

Fibrocystic disease caused by hormonal imbalance

369
Q

Low levels of progesterone and estrogen cause the stimulation or inhibition of what hormones?

A

Secretion of GnRH, FSH and LH

370
Q

Each of the daughter cells produced by meiosis I divides during __________ and the net result is ____________________.

A

meiosis II, 4 genetically unique haploid cells/gametes

Physiology 3 (2 decks)

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