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Microbiology > Test 3 Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Test 3 Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Xenobiotics definition

A

broadly refer to the unnatural, foreign and synthetic chemicals such as pesticide, herbicide & other organic compounds

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2
Q

The other names used for bio-remediation are?

A

Bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.

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3
Q

Bio remediation

A

process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants or prevent pollution.

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4
Q

Cometabolism

A

in this process the microorganism produces an enzyme to utilizes its nutrients, but by chance this enzyme can degrade a pollutant.

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5
Q

essence of bio-remediation

A

The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up

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6
Q

Naturally occurring bioremediation

A

natural attenuation or intrinsic bioremediation

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7
Q

Biostimulation

A

Bioremediation via the addition of fertilizers to increase the bioavailability within the medium

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8
Q

bioaugmentation

A

Addition of matched microbe strains to the medium to enhance the resident microbe population’s ability to break down contaminants:

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9
Q

Problems with natural attenuation

A

Not fast enough,

Not complete enough,

Not frequently occurring enough

To be broadly used with some compounds especially chlorinated solvents.

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10
Q

Current trend in bio-remediation?

A

Is to stimulate/enhance a site’s indigenous subsurface microorganisms by the addition of nutrients and electron donor

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11
Q

In situ vs. Ex situ

A

In situ: Bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site

Ex situ: Involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere.

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12
Q

Pollutants

A 
Naturally-occurring compounds in the environment that are present in unnaturally high concentrations.
Crude oil
Refined oil
Phosphates
Heavy metals
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13
Q

Xenobiotics:

A

Chemically synthesized compounds that have never occurred in nature.
Pesticides
Herbicides
Plastics

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14
Q

Stages of Bio-degradation study

A
  1. Isolation of the microorganism 2.Purification of the obtained isolates
  2. Identification of the microbial isolate
  3. Optimization of the biodegradation conditions
  4. Determination of the biodegradation conditions
  5. Identification of the biodegradation products.
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15
Q

Stage 1 of Biodegradation study

A

Isolation of bacteria and fungi is performed on Mineral Salt Medium (MSM) supplemented with the pollutant to be biodegraded as a sole source of carbon (enriched technique). Medium can be liquid or solid

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16
Q

Stage 1 of Biodegradation study /

pH for bacteria and pH for fungi

A

Bacteria: 7
Fungi: 4.5 - 5.5

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17
Q

Stage 2 of Biodegradation study

A

Purification of the obtained isolate

This is done by streaking or pouring dishes technique.

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18
Q

Stage 3 of Biodegradation study

A

ID of microbial isolate

16S/18S rRNA sequencing

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19
Q

Stage 4 of Biodegradation study

A

Optimization of biodegradation conditions

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20
Q

Stage 5 of Biodegradation study

A

Determination of biodegradation efficiency and products:
1- Spectrophotometer.
2- HPLC
3- GC/MS

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21
Q

Stage 7 Cells and enzymes immobilization

A

Immobilized enzymes (or cells) is defined as the enzyme that physically or chemically confined in defined materials with retention of its catalytic activity.

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22
Q

Three immobilization methods

A

Carrier-binding methods
Cross-linking methods
Entrapping methods

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23
Q

Carrier - binding methods materials

A

covalent binding, ionic binding, physical absorption, bio-specific binding

24
Q

Covalent binding methods include:

A

a) Cyanogen Bromide method (CNBr).
b) Acid-azide derivative method
c) Condensing reagent methods
d) Diazo coupling methods
e) Alkylation methods.

25
Q

Cross-linking methods:

A

By cross-linking of the enzyme molecules by reacting with glutaraldehyde.

26
Q

cross-link

A

is a bond that links one polymer chain to another.

27
Q

Materials used in the entrapping methods

A

Lattice: polyacrylamide

Microcapsule type: liquid drying method

28
Q

Types of organisms

A 
Natural:
---Pure: one species
---Mixed cultures:
-----Consortia
-----Methane-utilizing bacteria (anaerobes)
Genetically engineered microorganisms
29
Q

Compounds which can serve as terminal electron acceptors for anaerobes are?

A

carbon dioxide, nitrate, sulfate, iron, humates and glucose (producing lactic acid and ethanol)

30
Q

What is the electron acceptor?

A

Molecular oxygen

31
Q

Electron donors?

A

Alcohols and acids
Almost any common ferment-able compound
Hydrogen apparently universal electron donor, but no universal substrate

32
Q

Electron Acceptor Zones

A

After O2 is depleted, begin using NO3-
Continue down the list in this order
O2 –> NO3- –> Fe3+ –> SO42- –> CO2

33
Q

Types of organisms have been used?

A

Fungi
plants (phytoremediation)
bacteria (Natural community, bioaugmentation, bioengineered)

34
Q

Factors to Consider in Any In Situ Process

A

Geochemistry, hydrogeology, Biodegradability, Redox condition

35
Q

Geochemistry

A

the interaction of any treatments with the soil mineralogy

36
Q

Hydrogeology

A

how does the subsurface water move

37
Q

Biodegradability

A

rate, extent, and pathways of degradation

38
Q

Redox condition

A

is this an oxidizing or reduced environment

39
Q

Indicators of acclimated microbial community?

A

Depressed oxygen levels in the area of the spill
Increased # in the colonies in AO
Increased levels of ATP
Demonstration in microcosm studies that have degradation of contaminants
Possible increased levels of salts in the groundwater

40
Q

How to enhance?

A

Add nutrients: Nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals, co-substrates

Add electron acceptor: oxygen nitrate, humates

41
Q

Major tech in Bioremediation

A 
Composting (bioposting)
Biopiles
Bioventing
Bioslurping
Chloronated compounds
42
Q

Biopile

A

Ex-situ aeration of soil

Basic setup: Treatment bed, aeration system, irrigation/nutrient system, and a leachate collection system.

43
Q

Biovening

A

Relatively low-flow soil aeration techniques to enhance the biodegradation of soils contaminated with organic contaminants.

44
Q

Bio-posting

A

Tech that involves combining contaminated soil with nonhazardous organic amendments such as manure or agricultural wastes.

45
Q

Bio-slurping

A

Two-phase vapor extraction that also encourages biodegradation

46
Q

Dehalogenation

A

strips chlorine from organic molecules.
known as reductive dechlorination
R-Cl +2e- + (H+) —-> R-H + (Cl-)

47
Q

Types of dehalogenation

A

Dehalorespiration (anaerobic)

  • —confirmed only for chlorinated ethenes
  • — Require assisting bacteria to produce H2

Cometabolism (aerobic)

48
Q

Fungi role in bioremediation

A

Can degrade formaldehyde and cyanide

White rot fungi: degrades DDT and TNT

49
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Genetically engineered bacteria with plasmid producing enzymes to degrade octane and many different organic compounds from crude oil.

50
Q

Advantages of Bioremediation

A

Natural process = good PR
Useful to destroy contaminants, instead of transferring it from one environmental medium to another.
Can be done on site.
Cheaper than alternatives.

51
Q

Disadvantages of bioremediation

A

Not instantaneous, system takes time to develop.
Constant optimization is necessary, that can’t be done with computer models.
Compounds might be in non-biodegradable form (polymers and plastics)
Compounds may be recalcitrant: higher congeners or PCBs

52
Q

Phyto-remediation Pros and cons

A

Effective and cheap
Soil clean up of heavy metals and organic compounds

Con: once taken up if plant is burned it could be released.

53
Q

Phytoremediation

A 
Use of plants for accumulation, removal or conversion of pollutants.
SVSTE
Phytostabilization
Phytovolatilization
Phytostimulation
Phytotransformation
Phytoextraction
54
Q

Exogenous metallothionein

A

used to remove metals

55
Q

Sunflowers did what

A

Removed cesium and strontium from ponds at Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Microbiology (6 decks)

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