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DC Biology > Test 3: Chapters 7-9 > Flashcards

Test 3: Chapters 7-9 Flashcards

1
Q

photosynthesis

A

process/reaction of converting solar energy into chemical energy (glucose)
Chloroplast needed

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2
Q

general equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

Redox

A

Reduction: gains H+
Oxidation: loses H+

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4
Q

autotrophs

A

make their own food

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5
Q

chemotrophs

A

no light, generally sulfur used → uses chemicals to make ATP

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6
Q

photoautotrophs

A

use sunlight

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7
Q

anatomy of a leaf

A

epidermis, mesophyll, stomata, chloroplast, grana, thylakoids, stroma

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8
Q

epidermis

A

both the top and bottom
Top: wax covering
bottom: dull/matte appearance

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9
Q

mesophyll

A

highest percent of chloroplast

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10
Q

stomata

A

“poors” on the outside of the leaf
Surrounded by “guard cells”, gas exchange: CO2 enters & O2 exits

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11
Q

chloroplast

A

2 membranes: outer, inter, inner

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12
Q

stroma

A

fluid

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13
Q

grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

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14
Q

thylakoids

A

disks

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15
Q

2 stages of photosynthesis

A

light-dependent reactions
light-independent reactions

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16
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

Only occurs during the day, sunlight is used to make 2 main products –> ATP and NADPH
3rd product: O2 (made by splitting H2O)
→ in thylakoid membrane

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17
Q

photosystems

A

Photosystems 2 and photosystems 1

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18
Q

photosystems 2

A

chlorophyll a = P680 (green pigment)
→ primary electron acceptor
E- gets excited due to sunlight
Caught by primary e- acceptor
1st electron transport train → ATP

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19
Q

photosystems 1

A

chlorophyll a = P700
Primary e- acceptor
2nd ETC → NADPH

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20
Q

light energy

A

Proton: a single unit of light energy
Travels in waves
* shorter the wavelength, the more energy it has

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21
Q

Visible light spectrum

A

See with the eyes
380nm - 750 nm
P680 and P700 → wavelength
(green is useless to plants)

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22
Q

light Independent Reactions (2nd stage)(Calvin Cycle)

A

Occurs 24/7, day and night
Takes place in Stroma

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23
Q

carbon fixation

A

joining of carbons together come from CO2 (reduced to glucose)

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24
Q

plants

A

make 2 3-carbon molecules (C6H12O6)

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25
Q

Calvin cycle rotation

A

The Calvin cycle takes 6 turns to make one glucose:
18 ATP and 12 NADPH → one glucose = carbohydrates

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26
Q

accessory pigments

A

keep photosynthesis
Carotenoids & chlorophyll B → leaves change colors in the fall

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27
Q

prokaryotic (bacteria)

A

binary fission (prokaryotic cell division)(less than 20 minutes)
DNA replicated; cell elongated
Cell wall begins to divide
Cross-wall forms
Cells split

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28
Q

eukaryotic

A

more complex: 46 chromosomes, nucleus → packaging
→ DNA warps around histones(proteins)
→ nucleosomes →coil up → chromosomes

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29
Q

cell cycles (22-24)

A
  1. interphase
  2. mitosis
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30
Q

interphase (20)

A

90% of cells times, 3 stages:
G1 stage: 1st growth (doing its job)
S stage: synthesis of DNA (replicated)
G2 stage: 2nd growth (preplanning for mitosis)

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31
Q

mitosis

A

Maintain chromosome number

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32
Q

mitosis cycles

A

Prophase - chromosomes condense
Prometaphase - nucleus gets broken down
Metaphase - duplicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase - sister chromatids separate
Telophase - reform nuclei
Cytokinesis - splitting of the cell

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33
Q

cytokinesis

A

animals: outside to inside, cleavage furrow
Plant - inside to outside, cell plate

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34
Q

anchorage-dependent cells

A

cells must be in contact with a firm surface

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35
Q

density-dependent cells

A

must be space for new cells

36
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division (ignore anchorage and density)

37
Q

growth factors

A

molecules that can regulate cell cycle

38
Q

somatic cells

A

typical body cells → skin, liver, lung, muscle, etc
All cells except sex cells, 46 chromosomes in nucleus

39
Q

homologues

A

paired chromosomes: XX - 1 ll - 2
Pairs 1-22: autosomes
23rd pair: sex chromosomes (X,Y)
XX: female XY: male

40
Q

diploid

A

(2n) - somatic, 2 copies of chromosomes, one from mom and dad

41
Q

haploid

A

sex cells contain, n=23, ovaries & testes → meiosis (cuts chromosomes in half)

42
Q

meiosis

A

making gametes
Meiosis 1
Meiosis 2

43
Q

meiosis stages

A

Meiosis 1:
Prophase 1, tetrads form, 2 duplicated chromosomes attach, nucleus broken down
Metaphase 1, tetrads line up in the middle
Anaphase 1, duplicated chromosomes separate
Telophase 1, nucleus forms
cytokinesis 1(split cell), cuts chromosomes number in half
Meiosis 2: the same but named after meiosis 2

44
Q

crossing over

A

parts of chromosomes change places, increases variation, occurs during tetrad formation
With crossing over there is a 25% chance of different genes

45
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA from 2 sources that join together
Ex. 2 diff. Chromosomes from the same individual

46
Q

karyotype

A

picture of one chromosome, all 23 pairs, diagnostic tool; chromosomal disorders

47
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome, when there is a 3rd chromosome in the 21st position

48
Q

nondisjunction

A

unequal separation of chromosomes, in anaphase 1 of meiosis

49
Q

genetics

A

mendelian genetics, Gregor Mendel (mid-1800s)

50
Q

blending theory

A

traits of offspring were a “blend” of parental traits not true

51
Q

pea plants

A

reproduce quickly, “manipulation” → plants contain both male and female reproductive parts
Carpel: female producing
Stamen: male producing

52
Q

cross-fertilization

A

one plant fertilizes another plant → cut, transport, and fertilize any plant he wanted

53
Q

self-fertilization

A

plant fertilizes itself

54
Q

allele, 1st conclusion

A

alternative version of a gene *2 alleles for each trait

55
Q

2nd conclusion

A

alleles can be the same - homozygous
or different - heterozygous

56
Q

conclusion 3

A

If heterozygous = 1, allele is dominant, the other is recessive

57
Q

law of segregation

A

during meiosis, individual allele pairs separate/segregate *sex cells contain one allele

58
Q

cross mating event

A

use letters to represent traits
Capital - dominant allele
Lowercase - Recessive allele

59
Q

parental gen

A

Pgen (true breeders)
Homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive

60
Q

F1 gen

A

1st familial (offspring of Pgen), 100% heterzygous

61
Q

hybrid generation

A

F2 gen 2nd familial (F1 x F2) *punnet square

62
Q

monohybrid cross

A

differ in 1 trait

63
Q

phenotype ratio

A

3:1

64
Q

genotypic ratio

A

1:2:1

65
Q

punnet square

A

used to determine allele combinations in F2 gen

66
Q

dihybrid cross

A

cross between 2 individuals that differ in 2 traits

67
Q

The phenotypic ratio for dihybrid

A

9:3:3:1

68
Q

trihybrid cross

A

differs in 3 traits, shortcut: make 3 monohybrid crosses

69
Q

test cross

A

process to determine an unknown genotype

70
Q

Non-mendelian

A

incomplete dominance and codominance

71
Q

incomplete dominance

A

hetero show a mic of the dominant and recessive traits

72
Q

codominance

A

2 phenotypes are expressed equally
Blood types, 4 phenotypes, 3 alleles iA, iB, i

73
Q

agglutination

A

reaction in the blood when blood types are mixed

74
Q

pleiotropy

A

1 gene codes for many phenotypes
ex. sickle cell

75
Q

sickle cell

A

1 nucleotide mutation in 1 gene
Changes in shape, fatigue, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, heart disease, vascular degeneration

76
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

many genes affect 1 trait
Ex. skin color (up to 7 genes affect this)

77
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

the behavior of chromosomes that determines inheritance patterns, what happens during tetrad formation

78
Q

law of segregation

A

individual allele pairs separate

79
Q

law of independent assortment

A

during meiosis, multiple allele pairs separate independently

80
Q

linked genes

A

genes located so closely together that they TEND to be inherited together

81
Q

locus/loci

A

location of a gene on a chromosome

82
Q

sex determination

A

males

83
Q

SRY gene

A

“sex-determining region of the y chromosome”

84
Q

sex-linked traits

A

x-linked recessive “mother to son”

85
Q

X-chromosome inactivation

A

1 x chromosome is switched off in females, the “bad” chromosome first

DC Biology (4 decks)

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