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KIN 184 > TEST 3 - ELBOW/HAND/WRIST > Flashcards

TEST 3 - ELBOW/HAND/WRIST Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 joints of the elbow?

A
  1. humeroradial
  2. humerounlar
  3. proximal radioulnar
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2
Q

What motions can the elbow do?

A
  • pronation
  • supination
  • flexion
  • extension
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3
Q

ulnar collateral ligament

A

medial collateral ligament of the elbow that runs on the inner side of the elbow

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4
Q

radial collateral ligament

A

lateral collateral ligament of the elbow that connects the humerus to the radius

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5
Q

annular ligament

A

ligament that strengthens the radioulnar joint; lassos around the radial head

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6
Q

radius

A

lower arm (forearm) bone that is on the lateral (thumb) side of the arm

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7
Q

ulna

A

forearm bone on the medial side of the arm; hooks underneath the humerus at the head

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8
Q

subcutaneous olecranon bursa

A

bursa sac of the elbow that allows for smooth flexion/extension in the elbow, prevents bone impact at the elbow

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9
Q

What are the 3 nerves of the forearm/elbow/hand?

A

radial nerve, ulnar nerve, median nerve

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10
Q

median nerve

A

nerve of the forearm/elbow/hand that covers the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and half of 4th digits ANTERIORLY

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11
Q

radial nerve

A

nerve of the forearm/elbow/hand that covers the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and half of 4th digits POSTERIORLY

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12
Q

ulnar nerve

A

nerve of the forearm/elbow/hand that covers the second half of the 4th digit and the entire 5th digit on both sides of the hand

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13
Q

What are the muscles of the elbow?

A
  • brachialis
  • biceps brachii
  • triceps
  • brachioradialis
  • pronator quadratus
  • pronator teres
  • supinator
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14
Q

brachialis

A

primary elbow flexor

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15
Q

biceps brachii

A

muscle in charge of elbow and shoulder flexion

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16
Q

brachioradialis

A

aka the “drinking muscle”; flexes our forearm when in neutral (so neither pronated nor supinated)

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17
Q

triceps

A

muscle in charge of elbow extension

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18
Q

pronator quadratus

A

used for the majority of pronation, and more so when the WRIST is fully pronated rather than the ELBOW

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19
Q

pronator teres

A

when thinking of muscle as a string to be pulled for it to work, this one gets pulled from the medial side of the elbow/forearm

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20
Q

supinator muscle

A

in charge of forearm supination; when thinking of muscle as a string to be pulled for it to work, this one gets pulled from the lateral side of the elbow/forearm

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21
Q

olecranon bursitis

A

chronic inflammation of the subcutaneous olecranon bursa

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22
Q

What is the MOI of olecranon bursitis?

A

repetitive flexion/extension; acute fall on the elbow; leaning on one’s elbow

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23
Q

SS of olecranon bursitis?

A

tender posterior elbow, redness, swelling, painLESS

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24
Q

treatment of olecranon bursitis?

A

anti-inflammatory meds, cold pack, aspiration PRN

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25
Q

what ligament in the elbow is most susceptible to sprain?

A

the UCL

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26
Q

elbow sprain

A

tensile force causes an injury to a ligament in the elbow

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27
Q

SS of elbow sprain?

A

localized pain, especially during cocking/acceleration phase of throwing

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28
Q

treatment - UCL sprain?

A

Tommy John surgery in which the palmaris longus is used as a graft to strengthen the UCL

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29
Q

What IS the varus/valgus test?

A

special test(s) used to determine exactly WHICH LIGAMENT was sprained in an elbow sprain

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30
Q

varus test

A

when having elbow/arm in varus (towards you; adducting forearm to humerus), and there is laxity and pain in that motion, then test is positive; RCL IS SPRAINED

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31
Q

valgus test

A

when having the elbow/arm in valgus (slight flexion; arm away from you), and there is laxity and pain in that motion, then test is positive; UCL IS SPRAINED

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32
Q

Why is there such a high prevalence of elbow dislocations/subluxations in young adults?

A

b/c in young adults, the ligament that adds stability to the proximal radial head (aka ANNULAR LIG.) is not fully matured

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33
Q

MOI for radial dislocation?

A

traction (slight pull/space in the joint w/o being out of place) on extended, pronated UE (hanging off trees, monkey bars, holding parents’ hand while walking)

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34
Q

MOI for ulnar dislocations?

A

violent, sudden hyperextension (lose control/”snap”)

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35
Q

What are common actions that cause ulnar dislocations, especially in adults?

A

weightlifting, FOOSH

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36
Q

FOOSH

A

Fall On OutStretched Hand

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37
Q

SS = elbow dislocation?

A

pain, severe swelling, total loss of function (won’t want to flex/ext.); obvious deformity (not lots of fat or musculature there); “cradling” of the arm as it is in flexion

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38
Q

Why is an elbow dislocation a medical emergency?

A
  • nerves pinched
  • blood flow compromised
39
Q

What are other names for medial epicondylitis?

A
  • Little League Elbow
  • Golfer’s Elbow
40
Q

What is the medial epicondyle?

A

the bony projection at the medial side/end of the elbow

41
Q

So, what is medial epicondylitis?

A

inflammation of the medial epicondyle that is caused by overuse of wrist flexor muscles/traction pulling on epicondyle

42
Q

Where is medial epicondylitis common?

A

pronation/supination activities like lacrosse, tennis, pitching in baseball

43
Q

What is the MOI of medial epicondylitis?

A

repeated VALGUS force; overcompensation for another injury

44
Q

SS = medial epicondylitis?

A

swelling, bruising, pain WORSE w/ wrist flexion + pronation, pain over ulna, possible tingling in 4th and 5th digits

45
Q

What is lateral epicondylitis?

A

aka TENNIS ELBOW; inflammation to the lateral epicondyle due to the overuse of wrist extensors in eccentric control/follow-through

46
Q

MOI of lateral epicondylitis?

A

loading of the extensor muscles while decelerating in tennis or golf

47
Q

What are some factors for lateral epicondylitis?

A
  • wrong grip size
  • wrong mechanics
  • string tension too high
  • racket weight
  • topspin forces
48
Q

SS of lateral epicondylitis?

A

pain locally as the forearm laterally rotates during wrist ext. activities, like picking up a cup of coffee

49
Q

What is ulnar nerve entrapment?

A

an injury caused by compressing the ulnar nerve as it runs behind the medial epicondyle under the UCL

50
Q

Who gets ulnar nerve entrapment?

A

athletes in racquet sports, cyclists, baseball catchers, hockey goalies

51
Q

SS = ulnar nerve entrapment?

A

numbness in little finger, unable to grasp paper, weak grip strength, atrophy at the hypothenar eminence

52
Q

What are the 3 types of bones that make up the hand?

A
  1. phalanges
  2. metacarpals
  3. carpals
53
Q

phalanges

A

finger bones

54
Q

metacarpals

A

palm bones

55
Q

carpals

A

tiny pebble-like bones at the base of hand/wrist

56
Q

scaphoid bone

A

canoe-shaped carpal bone at the thumb

57
Q

interphalangeal joint

A

aka IP; joint in between phalange bones

58
Q

DIP

A

distal interphalangeal joint

59
Q

PIP

A

proximal interphalangeal joint

60
Q

What are the movements at the wrist?

A
  • radial deviation
  • ulnar deviation
  • flexion
    -extension
  • circumduction
61
Q

radial deviation

A

motion at the wrist in which you bring the hand towards the radius

62
Q

ulnar deviation

A

motion at the wrist in which you bring the hand toward the ulna

63
Q

circumduction

A

rotation of the wrist in a circle

64
Q

carpometacarpal joint

A

aka CM; joint where the carpals and metacarpals meet

65
Q

What type of joint is the thumb?

A

a SADDLE joint

66
Q

What are the motions at the THUMB?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
    -adduction
  • opposition
67
Q

wrist flexors

A

palmaris longus (used in Tommy John surgery)

68
Q

ECRB

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis; #1 culprit in lateral epicondylitis

69
Q

What is the MOI for wrist sprains/dislocations?

A

axial loading on proximal palm during FOOSH

70
Q

axial loading

A

force goes straight down on a long bone

71
Q

SS of wrist sprain/dislocation?

A

point tenderness at radiocarpal joint; increased pain with active/passive extension

72
Q

Gamekeeper’s thumb

A

aka thumb sprain; tear of the ulnar collateral ligament at the MCP joint

73
Q

MOI of gamekeeper’s thumb?

A

forceful abduction of the thumb with the thumb fully extended

74
Q

SS of gamekeeper’s thumb?

A

palmar joint painful and swollen; instability

75
Q

Where is the most common finger sprain/dislocation?

A

most common PIP - middle finger joint b/w knuckle and DIP

76
Q

Jersey finger

A

rupture of flexor digitorum profundus tendon

77
Q

MOI of Jersey Finger?

A

rapid extension of finger; gripping opponent’s jersey (where name comes from)

78
Q

SS of Jersey Finger?

A

unable to flex the DIP joint against resistance

79
Q

Mallet Finger

A

avulsion of extensor mechansim

80
Q

MOI of Mallet Finger?

A

forceful flexion due to object hitting the end of the finger

81
Q

What can’t you do with mallet finger?

A

can’t extend the DIP

82
Q

Boutonniere deformity

A

rupture of central slip of extensor mechanism due to rapid/forceful extension of PIP (jamming finger)

83
Q

structure of the finger in boutonniere deformity?

A

MCP is hyperextended
PIP is in flexion
DIP is hyperextended

84
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

overuse of or direct trauma to the median nerve, finger flexors, and flexor pollicis longus (aka flexor of the thumb)

85
Q

Cyclist palsy

A

injury due to leaning on a handlebar for a long period of time, causing swelling to the hypothenar area

86
Q

What is the difference in SS for cyclist palsy and ulnar nerve entrapment?

A
  1. cyclist palsy symptoms disappear rapidly after ending cycling ride
  2. numbness + tingling for UNE is everything distal to the elbow, where for CP, it’s just in 4th and 5th digits
87
Q

distal radial/ulnar fracture

A

due to axial loading/FOOSH

88
Q

Boxer’s fracture

A

fracture to the 4th and 5th metacarpals that causes a swollen mound immediately after injury

89
Q

SS of Boxer’s fracture?

A

sudden pain, inability to grip, rapid swelling/deformity; increased pain with axial compression

90
Q

Colles Fracture

A

fracture to the distal radius in which the bone chip falls DORSALLY/POSTERIORLY

91
Q

Smith’s Fracture

A

fracture to the distal radius in which the bone chip falls PALMARLY/ANTERIORLY/VENTRALLY

92
Q

Scaphoid fracture

A

FOOSH injury to the scaphoid carpal bone

93
Q

SS = scaphoid fracture?

A

pain in extension and radial deviation; tender anatomical snuffbox, severe point tenderness; if not treated immediately, necrosis to scaphoid

KIN 184 (1 decks)

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