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Anatomy > TEST 3 LEC > Flashcards

TEST 3 LEC Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system cell type

A

endocrine cells

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2
Q

endocrine system chemical messengers

A

hormones

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3
Q

describe the effects in the endocrine system

A
  • slow

- long term comm

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4
Q

hormone

A

affects the activities of other cells

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5
Q

do hormones effect all cells

A

no only cells with the receptor for that hormone are affected

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6
Q

does your big toe see that hormone in the blood stream?

A

yes, but it does not respond to it

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7
Q

amino acid based hormones

A
  • love water, hate lipids
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8
Q

where do amino acid based hormones bind

A

to protein receptors on cell surface

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9
Q

lipid derivative hormones

A

love lipids, hate water

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10
Q

where do lipid derivative hormones bind

A

to a receptor inside the cell

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11
Q

how does the hypothalamus control hormones

A

through the anterior pituitary gland, posterior pituitary gland, and adrenal glands

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12
Q

what nicknamed master gland

A

pituitary gland

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13
Q

what are the 2 functional lobes in the the pituitary gland

A
  1. anterior pituitary

2. posterior pituitary

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14
Q

what kind of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete

A

regulatory hormones

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15
Q

prevent anterior pituitary from releasing hormones

A

inhibiting hormones

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16
Q

function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulate thyroid gland to release hormones

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17
Q

function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormones

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18
Q

what path does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) take

A
  1. adrenal gland
  2. adrenal gland cortex
  3. release hormones
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19
Q

what is special about follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

sex hormones

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20
Q

function of luteinizing hormone

A

regulate production of reproductive cells and sex hormones

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21
Q

function of growth hormone (GH)

A
  • stimulates cells to grow and divide

- increases glucose and fatty acid levels

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22
Q

function of prolactin (PRL)

A
  • stimulates mammary gland development

- milk production

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23
Q

function of antidiuretic hormone

A

control blood volume/blood pressure

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24
Q

function of oxytocin (OXT)

A

stimulates contractions and milk production

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25
Q

what 2 hormones does the thyroid gland release

A

thyroid hormones and calcitonin

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26
Q

function of calcitonin

A

removes Calcium from blood stream and puts it into bone

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27
Q

what does the parathyroid gland secrete

A

Parathyroid hormone

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28
Q

function of parathyroid hormone

A

removes calcium from bone and puts it into blood stream

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29
Q

where is the adrenal gland located

A

on top of each kidney

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30
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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31
Q

what is the hormone in the outer zone of the adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone

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32
Q

what is the hormone in the middle zone of the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol

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33
Q

what is the hormone in the inner zone of the adrenal cortex

A

sex hormones

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34
Q

pancreas exocrine function

A

secretes enzymes that help with digestion

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35
Q

pancreas endocrine function

A

secretes hormones for glucose balance

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36
Q

when blood glucose is low what does the endocrine pancreas produce

A

alpha cells

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37
Q

when blood glucose is high what does the endocrine pancreas produce

A

beta cells

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38
Q

what does the pineal gland releases

A

melatonin

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39
Q

the pump that generates pressure

A

heart

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40
Q

tubing that blood flows through

A

blood vessels

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41
Q

the fluid that is flowing through the system

A

blood

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42
Q

what are the functions of blood

A
  • transport
  • regulation
  • defends
  • restricts
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43
Q

is blood a connective tissue

A

yes

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44
Q

what is blood matrix called

A

plasma

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45
Q

what does plasma mostly consist of

A

water

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46
Q

formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments

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47
Q

what is blood directly from the body called

A

whole blood

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48
Q

what is the ph of blood roughly

A

7.4

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49
Q

blood parts Percentages

A
  • 55% plasma

- 45% formed elements

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50
Q

% of red blood cells (name)

A

hematocrit

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51
Q

what are the 4 plasma proteins

A
  • albumins
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
  • enzymes and hormones
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52
Q

what is a red blood cell’s main job

A

to carry oxygen

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53
Q

what shape do red blood cells have

A

biconcave

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54
Q

what are the advantages to red blood cells having a biconcave shape

A
  • surface area
  • allows cells to stack on top of each other
  • bend and flex
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55
Q

what is in red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin

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56
Q

each hemoglobin has 4 chains that include what

A

each one of these chains has 1 iron molecule and can carry 1 molecule of oxygen

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57
Q

molecules on the surface of the cell

A

antigens

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58
Q

immune proteins in your plasma

A

Antibodies

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59
Q

if clumping occurs when trying to find out blood type what does that mean

A

that’s your blood type

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60
Q

what antigens determine blood type

A

A, B, Rh

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61
Q

if you have the Rh antigen…

A

positive blood type

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62
Q

what are the 2 types of white blood cells

A
  1. granular leukocyte

2. agranular leukocyte

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63
Q

what do granular leukocytes look like

A

dotted with dark granules

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64
Q

what is the suffix of granular leukocytes

A

Phils

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65
Q

what do agranular leukocytes look like

A

light granules or no granules at all

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66
Q

what is the suffix of agranular leukocytes

A

cyte

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67
Q

what is the most common leukocyte

A

neutrophils

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68
Q

% of neutrophils

A

60%

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69
Q

% of lymphocytes

A

30%

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70
Q

% of monocytes

A

6%

71
Q

% of eosinophils

A

3%

72
Q

% of basophils

A

99%

73
Q

true or false: white blood cells are made in red bone marrow?

A

true

74
Q

what stimulates red bone barrow to produce more red blood cells

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

75
Q

damaged blood vessels constrict to produce blood loss

A

vascular phase

76
Q

platelets strick to expose collagen fibers, forming a platelet plug

A

platelet phase

77
Q

chemicals signals from platelet plug and injured cells trap red blood cells , form blood clot to pull edges of wound together

A

coagulation phase

78
Q

unattached blood clot

A

embolus

79
Q

what disorder has red blood cells with a crescent moon shape, are fragile and can easily rupture

A

sickle cell anemia.

80
Q

tubes that blood flows through

A

blood vessels

81
Q

what are the 2 closed circuits that blood flows through

A
  1. pulmonary circuit

2. systemic circuit

82
Q

what side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit found on

A

right side

83
Q

what side of the heart is the systematic circuit found on

A

left side

84
Q

where does blood flow to and from in the pulmonary circuit

A

the lungs

85
Q

where does blood flow to and from in systemic circuit

A

all body tissues and organs

86
Q

how many layers do blood vessels consist of

A

3

87
Q

layer of blood vessel: innermost; elastic fibers

A

tunica intima

88
Q

layer of blood vessel: smooth muscle for vasoconstriction and vasodilation; thickest layer in arteries

A

tunica media

89
Q

layer of blood vessel: outermost; collagen for support and protection; thickest layer in veins

A

tunica externa

90
Q

where do arteries carry blood

A

away from the heart

91
Q

when arteries branch into smaller vessels what are they called

A

arterioles

92
Q

what do arterioles branch into

A

capillaries

93
Q

what are the 3 thoracic/abdominal arteries

A
  • Aorta/ Aortic Arch
  • Abdominal aorta
  • thoracic aorta
94
Q

what are the 2 thoracic/abdominal veins

A
  • superior vena cava

- inferior vena cava

95
Q

what are the 3 neck/brain/face arteries

A
  • vertebral arteries (2)
  • common carotid arteries (2)
  • subclavian arteries
96
Q

what are the 3 neck/brain/face veins

A
  • vertebral veins
  • jugular veins
  • subclavian veins
97
Q

what is the upper limb artery

A

brachial arteries

98
Q

what is the upper limb vein

A

brachial veins

99
Q

what are the 2 lower limb arteries

A
  • common iliac arteries

- femoral arteries

100
Q

what are the 2 lower limb veins

A
  • common iliac veins

- feral veins

101
Q

in what cavity do you find the heart

A

thoracic

102
Q

serous mmb for the heart; protective double walled connective tissue

A

pericardium

103
Q

how many chambers does the atria have

A

2 superior chambers

104
Q

the atrium receives blood from ____ and pump it into the ___

A

body/ventricles

105
Q

how many chambers do ventricles have

A

2 inferior chambers

106
Q

ventricles receive blood from ____ and pump it out of the ____

A

atria/heart

107
Q

where are heart valves found

A

between the chambers

108
Q

passive structures that open and close in response to blood pressure

A

heart valves

109
Q

what kind of sound comes from AV valves closing when ventricles contract

A

lub

110
Q

what kind of sound comes from semilunar valves closing when ventricles relax

A

dub

111
Q

what are the 2 main phases in the cardiac cycle

A
  • systole

- diastole

112
Q

what phase in the cardiac cycle is where the chamber contracts, pumps blood out

A

systole

113
Q

what phase in the cardiac cycle is where the chamber relaxes, fills with blood

A

diastole

114
Q

what does the pulmonary circuit do with oxygen

A

absorbs oxygen into the blood

115
Q

what does the systemic circuit do with oxygen

A

releases oxygen to tissues

116
Q

why is the left ventricle thicker than the right in the systemic circuit

A

higher amount of resistance require more pumping force

117
Q

what is the hearts own circulatory system called

A

coronary circulation

118
Q

all veins around heart empty into ____ which empty into _____

A

coronary sinus/ right atrium

119
Q

network of specialized heart cells that initiate and coordinate the spread of action potential through the heart

A

conduction system

120
Q

in the conduction system what attaches muscle cells to each other

A

desmosomes

121
Q

in the conduction system what allows sharing of A.P

A

gap junctions

122
Q

in the conduction system what allows all connected cells to contract as one unit

A

intercellular connections

123
Q

what is the normal range for heart rate

A

60 to 100 bpm

124
Q

what is a electrocardiogram more commonly known as

A

EKG

125
Q

leads to an A.P—-> stimulates cardiac muscle contraction

A

depolarization

126
Q

“resets” muscles—-> muscle relaxes

A

repolarization

127
Q

if blood pressure increase what happens to blood flow

A

it increases

128
Q

what can change blood flow

A
  • heart
  • vessels
  • blood
129
Q

small nutrients and water diffuse out to the tissues

A

filtration

130
Q

small waste products and water diffuse into the capillary

A

absorption

131
Q

as heart contracts, pressure ____, artery is _____

A

increases/ stretched

132
Q

as heart relaxes, artery ____

A

recoils

133
Q

what is the top number on a blood pressure reading

A

systolic pressure

134
Q

what is the bottom number on a blood pressure reading

A

diastolic pressure

135
Q

sense blood pressure changes

A

somatic receptors

136
Q

where does blood mainly flow with light and heavy exercise

A

skin

skeletal muscle

137
Q

where does blood flow stay the same when at rest, light exercise, and heavy exercise

A

brain

138
Q

reabsorbs fluid back into blood

A

lymphatic vessels

139
Q

how many liters of water are reabsorbed by capillaries per day

A

20.4L

140
Q

fluid filtered out of blood capillaries is picked up by

A

lymphatic capillaries

141
Q

what is fluid called in lymphatic capillaries

A

lymph

142
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes

A
  • filter lymph of foreign particles
143
Q

where does fluid enter lymph node

A

afferent lymphatics

144
Q

where does fluid exit lymph node

A

efferent lymphatics

145
Q

where does lymph go after lymph nodes

A

lymph ducts

146
Q

what are the 2 lymph ducts

A
  • right lymphatic duct

- thoracic duct

147
Q

what duct drains right side of body and above diaphragm

A

right lymphatic duct

148
Q

what duct drain left side of body and below diaphragm

A

thoracic duct

149
Q

production of lymphocytes

A

lymphopoiesis

150
Q

all blood cells begin as stem cells called

A

hemocytoblast

151
Q

what 2 cells can hemocytoblasts become

A
  • lymphoid stem cells

- myeloid stem cells

152
Q

if lymphoid stem cells stay in red bone marrow what do they become

A
  • B cells

- NK cells

153
Q

if lymphoid stem cells go to the thymus what do they become

A

T cells

154
Q

where is the site of T cell maturation

A

thymus

155
Q

what is located in the abdominal cavity, between the stomach and diaphragm

A

spleen

156
Q

what kind of response comes from the innate immune system

A
  • generic response regardless of the antigen
  • fast
  • short-term
157
Q

what kind of response come from the adaptive immune system

A
  • new, specific defense against antigen
  • slow
  • long-term
158
Q

what kind of immune system produces memory cells

A

adaptive immune system

159
Q

best defense to keep out the infection

A

external defense

160
Q

damaged cells alert the body and begin isolation of infection

A

general internal defense

161
Q

specific adaptation to specific foreign antigens

A

specific internal defense

162
Q

what happens in the innate immune system after external defense and general internal defense

A

NK cells and leukocytes find injured cells

163
Q

what are the 2 processes in specific internal defense in an adaptive immunity system

A
  1. humoral immunity

2. cell-mediated immunity

164
Q

what occurs during humoral immunity

A

antibody production

165
Q

what occurs during cell-mediated immunity

A

direct cell attack

166
Q

how many and what kind of chains do antibody have

A
  • 2 light chains

- 2 heavy chains

167
Q

what antibody region determines specific antigen that antibody can bind

A

variable region

168
Q

what antibody region determines method by which the antigen will be destroyed

A

constant region

169
Q

vaccines

A

injections of dead or weakened pathogen or pathogen fragments

170
Q

when activated by APCs, go on to activate B and other T cells

A

helper T cells

171
Q

when activated by APCs, directly attack and destroy specific cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

172
Q

keep B and T cells in check

A

regulatory T cells

173
Q

formed from activated T cells, but dormant until re-infection

A

memory T cells

Anatomy (6 decks)

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