Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Test 2 > Test 3 part II > Flashcards

Test 3 part II Flashcards

1
Q

After transcription in prokaryotic cells, what occurs next?

A

Immediate translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

After transcription in eukaryotic cells, what occurs next?

A

RNA processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What three steps occur in RNA processing?

A

1) 5’ end cap
2) 3’ end A tails
3) Introns get removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do ribosomes know where to bind for translation?

A

Shine degarno sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 binding sites on the ribosome?

A

1) mRNA
2) P site
3) A site
3) E site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In ribosome binding how does the site order work?

A

tRNA binds to P site, next tRNA binds to A site, amino acid in P goes to E and peptide bond forms between the two amino acids. The ribosome shifts and moves down by 1 codon, but tRNA site stays connected to mRNA so E leaves and P moves to E and A site is open again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Translation occurs until what occurs?

A

Stop codon in which a release factor protein binds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are the two spots translation can occur?

A

Surface of ER and cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When translation occurs on ER where will the protein go?

A

Into ER to later be transported to golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does translation occur in cytosol?

A

free ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the structure/ shape of ER

A

continuous network of flattened sacs, tubules, and associated vessivles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the sacs of the ER called?

A

cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the space enclosed by the sacs called?

A

lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do fibroblasts have lots of ER?

A

fibroblasts function is to produce a protein of collagen which goes outside the cell so its translated on rough ER to go to the golgi and then out of the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are ribosomes found on ER

A

attached to outer surface of ER away from lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of Rough ER?

A

site of protein synthesis for some proteins and the proteins get glycosylated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is glycosylated?

A

adding of carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the types of glycosylation?

A

N and O linked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do the N and O linked glycosylation refer to?

A

The N and O refer to the atom and the specific amino acid its bound to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is N linked glycosylation?

A

N is bounded to nitrogen (aspargine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is O linked glycosylation?

A

O is bounded to oxygen (serine of thereonine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are proteins glycosylated in ER?

A

1) synthesis of large saccharide molecule on outside of ER
2) The large molecule can’t go through membrane so flipped
3) transfered to proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What carrier protein is the saccharide in glycosylation built upon?

A

dolichol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the mechanism used to flip the saccharide into rough ER?

A

flippase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the major functions of the smooth ER?

A

1) carbohydrate metabolism
2) calcium storage
3) biosynthesis of steroids/ cholesterol
4) biosynthesis of Membrane lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The smooth ER is involved in the breakdown of what?

A

stored glycogen in liver cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the role of smooth ER in the catabolism of Liver glycogen?

A

removes phosphate off glucose 6-P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is calcium storage important for?

A

muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

in ER lumen that contains calcium binding proteins

30
Q

What is it called when smooth ER has high concentration of Ca2+ in muscle cells?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

Smooth ER is main source/ synthesis of what things?

A

lipids, steroids, cholesterol

32
Q

The smooth ER synthesizes by enzymes found ONLY where?

A

on the monolayer of the ER that faces the cytosol (not lumenal side)

33
Q

Cell membranes are what?

A

bilayer

34
Q

How do they get newly synthesized phospholipids to other layer

A

flippases

35
Q

How do the lipids move from ER to membrane?

A

golgi vessicles

36
Q

What is golgi complex apparatus?

A

series of flattened, membrane-bound cisternae (typically 3-8)

37
Q

What is CGN?

A

cis-golgi network

38
Q

What is cis-golgi network?

A

closest to ER (vesicles first arrive)

39
Q

What is TGN?

A

trans-golgi network

40
Q

What is trans-golgi network?

A

opposite of CGN (they leave here and go to membrane)

41
Q

Do golgi’s have shape?

A

Yes, they have definite shape and definite inside and outside

42
Q

What happens to proteins before leaving the ER?

A

they are glycosylated

43
Q

What organelle is the beginning of O linked glycosylation?

A

golgi apparatus

44
Q

How is each part of the golgi unique?

A

each has a different enzyme that catalyze different steps and do further glycosylation

45
Q

How does transportaion from ER, through Golgi, and beyond occur?

A

transport vesicles

46
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Taking something inside out

47
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Taking something outside in

48
Q

How does endocytosis work?

A

something attaches to membrane and vesicle comes off membrane and is internalized (swallowed into cell)

49
Q

vesicles can be large and dense and become what?

A

granules

50
Q

What are Zymogen granules?

A

granules that contain digestive enzymes which fuse with the membrane of the cell and are released into digestive system

51
Q

What are the two general types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

52
Q

In endocytosis, does it take the opposite track as exocytosis (back to golgi)?

A

No it usually fuses with endosomes and Lysosomes

53
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

membrane bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes to degrade all major classes of biomolecules

54
Q

Where are the digestive enzymes of the lysosomes made?

A

rough er

55
Q

Are the newly formed enzymes of Rough ER active

A

No, they must first be activated upon arrival to lysosome because it degregades everything

56
Q

How do enzymes become activated?

A

drop in pH

57
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

ingestion of large molecules or entire cells

58
Q

How does immune and health functions depend on phagocytosis?

A

needs to remove pathogens, recycle things

59
Q

What occurs if there is a defective enzyme in lysosome?

A

there would be a buildup of that molecule

60
Q

What disease occurs if lysosome does not receive any digestive enzymes?

A

I-cell disease

61
Q

What disease occurs if buildup of carbohydrates occurs/

A

Hunter syndrome

62
Q

What disease occurs if build up of glycolipids?

A

Tay-Sachs

63
Q

What is LDL

A

low density lipoprotein

the circulating form of cholesterol in our blood

64
Q

How is LDL removed from the blood?

A

binding to LDL receptors

65
Q

If the receptors are defective what disease occurs?

A

familial hypercholesterolemia

66
Q

What are the organelles peroxisomes?

A

contain enzyme called catalase that degrades hydrogen peroxide

67
Q

How are peroxisomes involved in lipid metabolsim?

A

involved in beta oxidation of fatty acids into smaller pieces

68
Q

where does the further oxidation of fatty acids to the 2 carbon acetyl coA occur?

A

mitochondria

69
Q

What is the stored fat?

A

triaglyceraldehyde

70
Q

How is fat converted to energy?

A

chop the fatty acids off the backbone and metabolize in acetyl CoA and then this will be metabolized through TCA cycle

Biology Test 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions