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Research Methods > Test 3B > Flashcards

Test 3B Flashcards

1
Q

Quasi-experiments

A

Lack some of the features of true experiments

- lack randomization

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2
Q

Threats to internal validity controlled by true experiments

A
  1. History
  2. Maturation
  3. Testing
  4. Instrumentation
  5. Regression toward the mean
  6. Subject attrition (mortality)
  7. Selection
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3
Q

History - Threats to internal validity controlled by true experiments

A

Events that occur during participation that affect behavior

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4
Q

Maturation - Threats to internal validity controlled by true experiments

A

Changes due to the passage of time that affect behavior

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5
Q

Testing - Threats to internal validity controlled by true experiments

A

Taking a test can affect subsequent testing

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6
Q

Instrumentation - Threats to internal validity controlled by true experiments

A

Changes in measurement instruments (including observers) over time

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7
Q

Regression toward the mean - Threats to internal validity controlled by true experiments

A

Extreme scores are likely to be followed by more moderate scores

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8
Q

Subject attrition (Mortality) - Threats to internal validity controlled by true experiments

A

Participants selectively drop out of experiments

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9
Q

Selection - Threats to internal validity controlled by true experiments

A

When control and experimental groups are chosen in such a way that they are not equivalent

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10
Q

Interrupted time series design

A

Examine a series of observations before and after a treatment and look for a change in behavior
- Record attendance many days before and after introducing quizzes

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11
Q

Control series design

A

Interrupted time series design with a control group

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12
Q

What are single care experimental designs uses for

A

Traditionally used in studies of reinforcement and behavior modification
- Behavior recorded during baseline period – description of behavior as it exists and as it would be in the future without introduction of a treatment

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13
Q

Reversal design (or ABA or ABAB)

A

A = baseline period (no treatment)
B = treatment period
- Horton (1987): Effects of facial screening on spoon-banging behavior in mentally-impaired 8-year-old girl

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14
Q

Horton (1987)

A

Effects of facial screening on spoon-banging behavior in mentally-impaired 8-year-old girl

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15
Q

Nonequivalent control group design groups are ______

A

Self selecting

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16
Q

Nonequivalent control group design use

A

Uses an experimental group and control group, but they are not equivalent (e.g. natural groups)

17
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

Measure baseline in several situations (e.g. aggressive behavior at home, school, and day care)
- Introduce treatment at different times in the different situations
- Evidence for treatment effectiveness is that
behavior changes only when the treatment is introduced

18
Q

Multiple baseline across situations

A

Measure baseline in several situations (e.g. aggressive behavior at home, school, and day care)

19
Q

Multiple baseline across subjects

A

Measure behavior of several subjects over time; introduce treatment at different times for different subjects

20
Q

Multiple baseline across behaviors

A

measure different behaviors of a single subject over time; introduce treatment (e.g., rewards) at different times for different behaviors

21
Q

T or F: Evidence for treatment effectiveness is that behavior changes only when the treatment is introduced

A

True

22
Q

Problems that true experiments may not control

A
  1. Contamination
  2. Experimenter expectancy effects/observer bias
  3. Reactivity
23
Q

Contamination

A

Communication between participants

24
Q

Reactivity

A

When participants behave differently because they know they are being studied

25
Q

Developmental research designs

A

Used to study changes in behavior associated with age

  • Not random assignment
  • Usually amounts to a correlational study
26
Q

Cross-Sectional Methods

A

Randomly select participants from different age groups

- Different participants make up each age group

27
Q

Advantages: Cross-Sectional Methods

A

Relatively fast

28
Q

Disadvantages: Cross-Sectional Methods

A

Cohort effects (generations effects)

29
Q

Cohort

A

Group of people born at the same time

30
Q

Cohort effects

A

Effects due to unique experiences of a particular generation rather than age itself

31
Q

Potential dangers of alternative treatments

A

Patient will not seek conventional treatment that has been proven to be effective
- Ethical problems with deceiving patient and not permitting an informed decision about treatment

Research Methods (5 decks)

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