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General Psychology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

System by which we retain information and bring it to mind

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2
Q

What is the process of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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3
Q

Define Encoding

A

putting information into memory acoustically, visually, and semantically

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4
Q

What are retrieval cues?

A

Remembering something specific by retracing steps

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5
Q

Difference between sensory, short term, and long term memories

A

Short term: 30 seconds, acoustic
Long term: lasts days to a life time
Sensory: less than 4 seconds

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6
Q

Types of sensory memory

A

Iconic- mental visual representations
Echoic- metal represations of sound
Eidetic- recall visual images

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7
Q

Maintenance vs. Elaborative rehearsal

A

Maintenance: repeating information inside the head or to yourself
Elaborative: Things like mnemonic devices

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8
Q

Declarative vs Procedural knowledge

A

Declarative: facts and figures, recalled with conscious effort
Procedural: Habits and motor behaviors, recalled without conscious effort

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9
Q

What is consolidation?

A

a permanent memory is formed following a learning experience

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10
Q

Semantic vs Episodic memory

A

Semantic: factual
Episodic: picture

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11
Q

Retrospective vs Prospective

A

Retrospective: past
Prospective: Future

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12
Q

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

A

a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning.

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13
Q

Constructionist Theory

A

Brain pieces together stored memories

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14
Q

What are false memories?

A

Cases in which people remember events differently from the way they happened

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15
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

Intense personal or historical event that is highly detailed. A lasting memory

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16
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

Demonstrates how easily memories can be influenced.

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17
Q

What are some factors that affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

A

Speed/ease of recall
Confidence level
Subject knowledge
Racial identification
Facial features

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18
Q

What are repressed memories?

A

Rare to forget like childhood trauma

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19
Q

Decay Theory

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus, forgetting curve where we are more likely to forget information in the first hours of memory

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20
Q

Interference Theory

A

Other memories blocking a particular memory.
Include Proactive (blocks new memories) and Retroactive (blocks previous learned) memory

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21
Q

Primary vs. Recency Effect

A

Primary Effect: items near the beginning are more easily remembered
Recency Effect: Items near the end are more easily remembered

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22
Q

Retrieval Theory

A

Forgetting is due to a failure to access stored material

23
Q

Recall vs Recognition Memory

A

Recall: fill in the blank, essay
Recognition: multiple choice

24
Q

What is the definition of amnesia?

A

Partial or total loss of memory

25
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory of past events

26
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Can’t form or store new memories

27
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

May be too emotionally troubling to remember

28
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

A process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons

29
Q

Karl Lashley

A

Studied rats brains to see where certain memories are stored in the brain

30
Q

Erik Kandel

A

Studied snails and long term memory to see biochemical changes at synaptic level

31
Q

Thinking

A

Representing and manipulating information

32
Q

Concepts of thinking

A

Logical: clearly defined rules
Natural: poorly defined rules

33
Q

Problem Solving

A

Insight: sudden realization of an answer
Algorithm: Step by step problem solving
Heuristic: rule of thumb

34
Q

Mental Roadblocks to problem solving

A

Functional Fixedness: inability to discover a new use for an object
Mental set: assumptions or past solutions get in the way of new solutions

35
Q

Roadblocks in Decision Making

A

Confirmation bias: looking for information that supports our initial beliefs or ideas
Representative Heuristic: sample behavior representative of larger population
Availability Heuristic: base decisions on examples that we can easily bring to mind.

36
Q

Divergent vs Convergent Thinking

A

Divergent: many possible solutions
Convergent: Rules and logical reasoning

37
Q

Benjamin Whorf

A

Language doesn’t determine thought, but influences it

38
Q

Binet and Simon’s Test

A

measured a child’s IQ by mental age/chronological age

39
Q

What is stress?

A

Pressures placed upon an organism to adjust or adapt to its environment

40
Q

Difference of stress between men and women?

A

Women: nuture, check on things
Men: aggressive, attack the source

41
Q

Sources of stress

A

Hassles
Frustration
Life events
Acculturative Stress-pressure

42
Q

Types of Conflict

A

Approach-Approach: Choose between 2 good things
Avoidance-Avoidance: Choose between 2 negative things
Approach-Avoidance: One goal with positives and negatives
Multiple Approach-Avoidance: 2 or more options with positives and negatives

43
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Alarm Stage: action
Resistance Stage: higher arousal
Exhaustion Stage: reserve energy

44
Q

PTSD

A

Life threatening events that can reappear

45
Q

Personality A vs Personality B

A

A: Highly competitive, achievement orientated, impatience–High blood pressure, anxiety–
B: Easy going, relaxed, comfortable

46
Q

Psychological Hardiness

A

Social Support: commitment
Self-Efficacy: open to challenge

47
Q

What is personality?

A

Relatively stable set of psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that make people unique and account for behavioral tendencies

48
Q

Frued’s Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Behavior determined by subconscious

49
Q

Id, Ego, Superego

A

Id: pleasure principle “it”
Ego: reality principle
Superego: Right and wrong

50
Q

Defense mechanisms of Psychoanalytic theory

A

Repression: expulsion from awareness of unacceptable behaviors
Displacement: transfer of unacceptable impulses away from original object to safer one
Reaction Formation: behaving in a way opposite of one’s true feelings to hide them
Rationalization: Self-Justification to explain poor decisions or behavior

51
Q

Jung

A

Analytical Psychology: emphasis on present than past

52
Q

Adler

A

Individual Psychology: inferiority complex

53
Q

Horney

A

feminine psychology

54
Q

Trait Theory

A

the idea that people differ from one another based on the strength and intensity of basic trait dimensions

General Psychology (1 decks)

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