test 4

Question 1

american federation of labor

Answer 1

labor union of white, skilled men. it was the most successful union and used strikes/boycotts to get better wages, shorter hours, and safety for their workers. worked towards specific goals rather than broad hopes.

Question 2

vanderbuilt

Answer 2

railroad owner who built a railway connecting chicago and new york city. he used steel rails which made his railroads safer and more economical.

Question 3

William Tweed

Answer 3

city boss in Tammany Hall (NYC’s powerful democratic political machine). He led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians.

Question 4

political machines

Answer 4

organized group that controlled activities of a political party in a city. role in local governments is that they controlled courts, legislature, treasury and ballot box; overall city government as well as police, fire, and sanitation departments, construction projects, and business licensing agencies.

Question 5

what did political machines do for immigrants and the cities they operated in

Answer 5

They helped immigrants find jobs and adjust to city life by providing food, money, and organized picnics. They initiated public projects like bridges, schools, hospitals, parks, and roads. offered these services in exchange for political support.

Question 6

J.P. Morgan

Answer 6

american financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation. did morganization, which is the taking of other businesses and reorganizing to make a profit.

Question 7

Jacob Riis

Answer 7

captured the overcrowding of tenements in cities and documents conditions in How the Other Half Lives

Question 8

Rockefeller

Answer 8

robber baron of the oil industry. established standard oil company which was ordered to be broken by the sherman antitrust act

Question 9

sherman antitrust act

Answer 9

law banning any trust that restrained interstate commerce/trade. was hard to enforce and used against labor unions because they were seen as disrupting trade

Question 10

social darwinism

Answer 10

belief that some nations and races were superior to others and destined to rule. combined with nativism to fuel resentment towards immigrants. also used to support laissez-faire economy because the government stepping in would interfere with natural selection

Question 11

munn versus illinois

Answer 11

supreme court ruling that said that states could regulate railroads. This meant that railroads could no longer inflate prices

Question 12

gentlemens agreement

Answer 12

pact between U.S. and japan to end segregation of asian children in san francisco. in return, japan would limit the number of immigrants allowed to the U.S.

Question 13

vertical and horizontal integration

Answer 13

gaining control of all businesses that were involved in the production of products (owning all steps), which allowed companies to decrease costs of production. consolidating many firms under one leader. used to gain monopolies (complete control of a product/service)

Question 14

what was the interstate commerce act

Answer 14

prohibited manipulation of prices by railroads.

Question 15

why did most unions fail

Answer 15

because the government sided with big business rather than workers and often sent in troops to end strikes. Courts ruled against unions, violence led to decline in membership

Question 16

what was a labor union

Answer 16

an organized group of workers who negotiate with employers for better wages and hours, as well as job benefits and safety.