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Anatomy > TEST 4 LEC > Flashcards

TEST 4 LEC Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the upper respiratory system

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • sinuses
  • pharynx
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2
Q

what makes up the lower respiratory system

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
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3
Q

what are the smallest bronchioles

A

alveoli

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4
Q

main function of the respiratory system

A

exchange gases across a mmb

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5
Q

what kind of cell lines the respiratory tract

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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6
Q

air is inhaled into the nasal cavity through _____ _____

A

external nares

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7
Q

what does the nasal conchae produce

A

turbulent air

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8
Q

Passageway shared by digestive and respiratory systems

A

pharynx

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9
Q

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx from top to bottom

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
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10
Q

larynx

A

cartilaginous structure

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11
Q

what does the larynx surround/protect

A

glottis and vocal cords

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12
Q

flexible tube supported by c shaped tracheal cartilages that protect airway

A

trachea

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13
Q

functions of tracheal muscle

A
  • adjust diameter of trachea
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14
Q

which bronchial tree is bigger

A

right

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15
Q

which bronchial tree is less in line with trachea

A

left

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16
Q

trachea that branches into left and right and enter into the lungs

A

primary bronchi

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17
Q

trachea that continues to branch into lungs from left and right sides

A

secondary and small bronchi

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18
Q

what do bronchi branch into

A

bronchioles

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19
Q

what causes bronchodilation

A

sympathetic activation

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20
Q

what causes bronchoconstriction

A

Parasympathetic activation

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21
Q

what part of the bronchial tree is related to asthma

A

bronchioles

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22
Q

what is in alveolar sacs

A

alveoli

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23
Q

what is the purpose of the surfactant

A

keeping the alveolus to the correct size

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24
Q

what 2 things form a thin mmb that facilitates gas exchange

A

alveolar wall and capillary wall

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25
Q

protected by rib cage; extend from 1st rib to the diaphragm, a dome- shaped muscle

A

lungs

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26
Q

what fluid is in the lungs

A

pleural fluid

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27
Q

2 functions of the pleural cavity

A
  • lubricates surface of lung

- keeps lungs expanded

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28
Q

outer pleura in lungs

A

parietal pleura

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29
Q

inner pleura in lungs

A

visceral pleura

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30
Q

Common name for pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

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31
Q

where does external respiration happen

A

in lungs

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32
Q

gas exchange across respiratory mmb

A

external respiration

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33
Q

transport through blood

A

gas transport

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34
Q

gas exchange across cell mmb

A

internal respiration

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35
Q

where does internal respiration occur

A

in tissues

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36
Q

Boyle’s law

A

volume and pressure and inversely related

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37
Q

when pulmonary pressure decreases below atm pressure are you inhaling or exhaling

A

inhaling

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38
Q

when the pulmonary pressure increases above atm pressure are you inhaling or exhaling

A

exhaling

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39
Q

what is the primary breathing muscle

A

diaphragm

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40
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

amount of air into and out of your lungs during a respiratory cycle

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41
Q

amount of air you exhale after a normal expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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42
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IVR)

A

amount of air you inhale after a normal inspiration

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43
Q

max amount of air you can move in and out of your lungs

A

vital capacity (VC)

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44
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

amount of air remaining in your lungs after a maximal exhalation

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45
Q

total volume of air your lungs

A

total lung capacity (TLC)

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46
Q

control the rate and depth of breathing

A

pons

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47
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls inspiratory and expiratory muscles

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48
Q

what is respiratory activity mainly controlled by

A

CO2

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49
Q

what is happening when CO2 increases

A

your body hyperventilates

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50
Q

what is happening when CO2 decreases

A

your body hypo-ventilates

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51
Q

inflammation of bronchial tubes due to combination of environment and genetics that is not well understood

A

asthma

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52
Q

bronchitis and break down of tissue causing shortness of breath and sputum production; leading cause is smoking

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD):`

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53
Q

functions of the digestive system

A
  • ingestion,
  • digestion,
  • secretion,
  • absorption
  • compaction of food material
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54
Q

location of digestive tract

A

extends from mouth to anus

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55
Q

what do accessory Organ do in the digestive tract

A

secrete substances that facilitate with digestion and absorption

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56
Q

what is the main organ for secreting enzymes

A

pancreas

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57
Q

what stores bile

A

gallbladder

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58
Q

what organ dissolves fats

A

liver

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59
Q

anterior roof of bone

A

hard palate

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60
Q

soft palate

A

posterior roof of soft tissue

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61
Q

skeletal muscle for manipulation

A

tongue

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62
Q

teeth

A

mechanical digestion

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63
Q
  • increases surface area for digestive enzymes

- process of chewing

A

Mastication

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64
Q

what starts the beginning of chemical digestion

A

salivary glands

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65
Q

what is the main enzyme that comes out of salivary glands

A

amylase

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66
Q

where does food go after the mouth

A

esophagus

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67
Q

inner most layer of the digestive tract

A

mucosa

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68
Q

outer most layer of the digestive tract

A

submucosa

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69
Q

outer layer of smooth muscle

A

muscular externa

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70
Q

what moves the bolus to stomach

A

peristalsis

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71
Q

where does food go after the esophagus

A

Stomach

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72
Q

chyme

A

bolus mixed with gastric juices

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73
Q

cardia

A

where the esophagus meets stomach

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74
Q

fundus

A

cap of stomach

75
Q

lesser curvature

A

by the liver

76
Q

body

A

everything that isn’t the funds, pylorus, or cardia

77
Q

narrow funnel

A

pylorus

78
Q

greater curvature

A

by the spleen

79
Q

defines the end of stomach

A

pyloric sphincter

80
Q

body folds of mucosa

A

rugae

81
Q

what helps hold the stomach in place

A

greater and lesser curvatures

82
Q

what is the mucosa covered with

A

gastric pits

83
Q

what are the 2 cells in the gastric gland

A
  • parietal cells

- chief cells

84
Q

main functions of the stomach

A
  • store food

- digest mechanically and chem

85
Q

3 regions of the small intestine

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
86
Q

what produces bile

A

liver

87
Q

fats globules broken up into smaller droplets of fat

A

emulsification

88
Q

what disease is where bile hardens into stones

A

gallstones

89
Q

what is in pancreatic juice

A
  • amylase
  • lipase
  • proteases
  • bicarbonate
90
Q

big fold of mucosa

A

circular folds

91
Q

small finger-like ridge on the surface of the circular fold

A

villus

92
Q

where is the majority of nutrient absorption

A

jejunum

93
Q

what release chyme to the large intestine

A

ileocecal valve

94
Q

location of large intestine

A

cecum

95
Q

what are the 4 parts of the colon

A
  1. ascending colon
  2. transverse colon
  3. descending colon
  4. sigmoid colon
96
Q

difficulty defecating, caused by diet or stress

A

constipation

97
Q

regulates bowel movements but can become swollen; genetics, diet, lifestyle may contribute

A

hemorrhoids

98
Q

main function of the renal system

A

organs that remove waste from blood and help maintain homeostasis

99
Q

filter substances from blood and convert filtrate to urine

A

kidneys

100
Q

what is liquid called in the kidneys

A

filtrate

101
Q

what is part of the urinary tract

A
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
102
Q

what are these the general functions of: storage, excretion, regulation of erythrocyte production, regulation of ion /ph balance

A

renal system

103
Q

small nephron

A

cortical nephron

104
Q

big nephron

A

juxtamedullary nephron

105
Q

what type of nephron is always on

A

cortical nephron

106
Q

what nephron concretes urine

A

juxtamedullary nephron

107
Q

what type of nephron is more common

A

cortical nephron

108
Q

glomerulus

A

capillary network, filters blood

109
Q
  • surround glomerulus

- collects filtered fluid in capsular space

A

glomerular capule

110
Q

passage way that enters glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

111
Q

passage way that exits glomerulus

A

efferent arteriole

112
Q

what is other name for tubular fluid

A

filtrate

113
Q

what kind of capillaries surround the nephrons

A

peritubular capillaries

114
Q

what capillaries only are around nephron loop

A

peritubular capillaries (vasa recta)

115
Q

what do Distal convoluted tubules drain into

A

collecting ducts

116
Q

what is the fluid called in calyces

A

urine

117
Q

where do collecting ducts drain into

A

calyces

118
Q

where do major and minor calyces drain into

A

renal pelvis

119
Q

where does the renal pelvis drain into

A

ureter

120
Q

where do ureters drain into

A

urinary bladder

121
Q

what is the smooth muscle called on the walls of the urinary bladder

A

detrusor muscle

122
Q

what allows expansion of the bladder

A

rugae

123
Q

During low BP, kidneys release

A

renin

124
Q

function of renin

A

causes the body to retain water

125
Q

For high BP, right atrium releases

A

atriopeptin

126
Q

function of atriopeptin

A

causes the body to excrete more water

127
Q

primary chemical buffer system in our blood

A

HCO3-

128
Q

what system helps maintain acidity levels in blood

A

renal system

129
Q

blood parts

A
  • water
  • proteins
  • ions
  • nutrients
  • waste
130
Q

filtrate parts

A
  • water
  • ions
  • nutrients
  • waste
131
Q

urine parts

A
  • excess water
  • ions
  • waste
132
Q

waste product from amino acid metabolism in the liver; most abundant

A

urea

133
Q

waste product from creatine phosphate metabolism in skeletal muscle

A

creatinine

134
Q

waste product from nucleic acid metabolism in the liver

A

uric acid

135
Q

what is used to treat renal failure

A

dialysis

136
Q

gonads for males

A

testes

137
Q

gonads for females

A

ovaries

138
Q

reproductive cells, sperm and oocyte

A

gametes

139
Q

Dartos muscle

A

contraction of this smooth muscle wrinkles the skin of the scrotum

140
Q

contraction of this skeletal muscle moves testes closer to the body

A

cremaster muscle

141
Q

where does sperm production take place

A

seminiferous tubules

142
Q

Sperm production begins as a stem cell called

A

spermatogonium

143
Q

what does the spermatogonium produce

A

4 spermatids

144
Q

what do spermatids develop into

A

spermatozoa (stem cell)

145
Q

acrosome contains

A

enzymes essential to fertilization

146
Q

part of sperm that contains the nucleus and chromosomes

A

head

147
Q

neck and middle piece of sperm contain

A

mitochondria and centrioles

148
Q

whip-like organelle that moves the sperm

A

flagellum

149
Q

ducts receive sperm from seminiferous tubules`

A

rete testis

150
Q

duct where sperm become mature and motile

A

epididymis

151
Q

what cell makes testosterone

A

interstitial cell

152
Q

what hormone helps with the promotion of hormones

A

LH

153
Q

what hormone help with the promotion of sperm/egg

A

FSH

154
Q

enter abdominal cavity, expands into ampulla, joins w/ seminal vesicle

A

Ductus (Vas) deferens

155
Q

conducts sperm and seminal gland secretions to prostatic

A

Ejaculatory duct

156
Q

transports semen from ejaculatory ducts

A

urethra

157
Q

protects sperm against vaginal acidity, promotes sperm motility

A

Seminal vesicles

158
Q

nourishes sperm, fights urinary tract infections

A

prostate gland

159
Q

protects sperm against urethral acidity, lubricates tip of penis

A

bulbourethral glands

160
Q

produce oocytes and hormones

A

ovaries

161
Q

deliver oocyte or embryo to uterus, site of fertilization

A

Uterine tube

162
Q

site of implantation and development

A

uterus

163
Q

inferior portion of uterus

A

cervix

164
Q

site of sperm deposition, birth canal, passageway for fluids during menstruation

A

vagina

165
Q

what connects ovary to uterus

A

ovarian ligament

166
Q

encloses ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus; attach to pelvic cavity wall

A

broad ligament

167
Q

suspend ovaries to pelvic cavity wall

A

suspensory ligaments

168
Q

adipose deep to skin, superficial to pubic symphysis

A

mons pubis

169
Q

area between labia minora, immediately surrounding vaginal opening

A

vestibule

170
Q

something that presses on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve could lead to

A

hoarse speech

171
Q

true or false: the external intercostal muscles are involved in active inspiration

A

true

172
Q

true or false: when the diaphragm contracts it raises the floor of the thoracic cavity upward

A

false

173
Q

the lobes of the a lung are easy to recognize and distinguish from one another because

A

they are separated by fissures

174
Q

true or false: the number of secondary or lobar bronchi is a distinguishing characteristic of the right and left lungs

A

true

175
Q

the ability to vary the pitch of the voice results from varying

A

the tension in the vocal folds

176
Q

true or false: the only laryngeal cartilage to form a complete ring is the cuneiform

A

true

177
Q

true or false: the left lung has a cardiac notch

A

true

178
Q

Which of the following layers is present in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines, but not
in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx?

A

muscularis mucosae

179
Q

The duodenum contains these structures whose products neutralize the acidic chyme.

A

duodenal glands

180
Q

The “mostly mucous” extrinsic salivary gland is the ________ gland.

A

sublingual

181
Q

true or false: The sinusoids of the liver lobule receive blood from the portal arteriole and deliver blood to
the portal venule.

A

false

182
Q

The layer of the digestive tube that contains abundant elastin plus blood vessels, lymphoid
nodules, and deep glands is the

A

submucosa

183
Q

function of the greater omentum

A

it stores fat

184
Q

Which of the following are the only mucosal folds that do not flatten out at all when the
organ stretches?

A

circular folds in the small intestine

Anatomy (6 decks)

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