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Social Psychology > Test III > Flashcards

Test III Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Effect

A

Other things being equal, information presented first usually has the most influence

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2
Q

Recency Effect

A

Information presented last sometimes has the most influence. Less common that Primary effect

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3
Q

Sleeper Effect

A

A delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, such as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

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4
Q

Group serving bias

A

Explaining away out-group members’ positive behaviors.. Also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior from one’s own group)

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5
Q

Outgroup Homogenity Effect

A

Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members “They are alike” and “We are diverse”

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6
Q

Stereotype

A

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information

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7
Q

Just-World Phenomena

A

The tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefor get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

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8
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished

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9
Q

Adaptation- Level Phenomena

A

The tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation and thus to notice and react to changes from that level.

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10
Q

Displacement

A

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally the new target is safer or more socially acceptable.

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11
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

Aggression that springs from anger, its goal is to harm

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12
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

Aggression that aims to injure, but only as a means to some other end

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13
Q

Reactance

A

A motive to protect or restore one’s sense of freedom. reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action

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14
Q

Conformity (Know why we conform)

A

A change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure. (Normative and Informational Influence)

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15
Q

Informational Influence

A

conformity occurs when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people

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16
Q

Normative Influence

A

Conformity based on a person’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations, often to fain acceptance.

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17
Q

Know under what condition people are more likely to conform

A 
Group Size
Unanimity
Public
Cohesion
Commitment
Status
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18
Q

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Practice an example campaign in a practical example

A

Occurs when people are influences by incidental cues, such as speakers attractiveness.

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19
Q

Central Route to Persuasion

Practice and example campaign

A

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

20
Q

Prejudice

A

A preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members

21
Q

Characteristics that make a communicator more effective

A

Credibility
Portrayed as an expert and trustworthy
Attractiveness and Liking

22
Q

How to structure a message to make it more effective

A 
Reason Versus Emotion
     promotes good emotions or arousing fear 
Discrepancy
One sided vs two sided parallels
primacy vs. Recency
23
Q

How is it said?

A

page 244

24
Q

How do the characteristics of the audience affect persuasion

A

Age
Thoughts
counter arguing
distraction inhibits counter arguing
uninvolved audiences use peripheral clues

25
Q

Chialdini’s Six factors of Social acceptance

A 
S  C  R  A  L  S
o  o   e  u  i   c
c  n   c   t  k  a
i   s    i   h  i   r
a  s    p  o n  c
l   t     r   r  g  i
    e   o   i      t
P  n   c   t      y
r   c   i    y
o  y   t
o       y
f
26
Q

How does SCRALS work

A

Social Proof- People defer to credible experts
Consistency- People tend to honor their public commitments
Reciprocity- People feel obligated to repay in kind what they’ve received
Authority- People defer to credible experts
Liking- People respond more affirmatively to those they like
Scarcity- People prize what is scarce.

27
Q

How can persuasion be resisted?

A

Strengthening personal commitment
Challenging beliefs
Developing counter arguments

28
Q

Attitude inoculation

A

Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available.

29
Q

What causes reactance?

A

Attempts to threaten freedom

30
Q

How can we prevent or reduce reactance?

A

Giving people choices.

May want to look at notes

31
Q

Sherif

A

Norm Formation

Assessing suggestibility regarding seeming movement of light using auto kinetic phenomenon

People gave estimates alone, and then they gave estimates in a group. They started out with individual estimates but the estimates slowly grew together.

32
Q

Asch

A

Conformity

Agreement with others obviously wrong perceptual judgement

37% of others conformed during the line experiment

33
Q

Milgram

A

Obedience

Complying to demand to shock another

65% of participants continued to the 450 volt mark

34
Q

With respect to Milhrams studies, what can we conclude?

A 
The victims distance
Closeness and legitimacy of authority
Institutional authority 
Liberating effects of group influence
Foot in the door
35
Q

Have there been alternative explanations?

A

Foot in the door

The power of the situation

36
Q

How has prejudice changed over the years regarding racial prejudice?

A

Modern prejudice appears as a race sensitivity that leads to exaggerated reactions to isolate minority’s persons opposed to the blatancy of the past

37
Q

How has gender prejudice changed over the years

A

Less common in the U.S. More abundant in that parents want boy babies, not girl babies. Less common today than in the mid twentieth century. Sometimes it makes for misery.

38
Q

What are the social sources of prejudice?

A 
Social inequalities
Socialization 
     Authoritarian personalities
     Religion 
     Conformity 
Institutional supports
39
Q

Know the motivational/emotional sources of prejudice

A 
Frustration Aggression:
     Scapegoat theory
Social Identity:
Feelings of superiority 
     In group and out group bias
     Need for status, self regard,      
     belonging
40
Q

Cognitive sources of prejudice

A

Categorization(spontaneous, perceived similarities and differences)

Distinctiveness (distinctive people, vivid cases, illusory correlation)

Attribution (group serving bias, the just world phenomena,)

41
Q

Alleviating prejudice

A

Doesn’t work well:

Simple education and exposure

42
Q

Theories of aggression

A

Aggression as a Biological phenomenon

Frustration-aggression

Learned social behavior (social learning theory)

Freudian

43
Q

Situational factors that are related to increased aggression

A

Aversive incidents (pain, heat, attacks)
Arousal
Aggression cues
Media influences (porn and sexual violence, tv, Internet, video games, group influences

44
Q

How does exposure to pornography effect aggression and perceptions of sexual reality?

A
  • women are more at risk when encountering men who exhibit the promiscuous behavior and hostile attitudes pornography cultivates
  • men viewing sexual violence via pornography are more open to the idea. It also increases acceptance of the rape myth.
45
Q

How does television effect aggression?

A

Can lead children to later spouse abuse. Correlated with current hostile activities including things like fights and burglary.

46
Q

What is TVs effect on thinking?

A 
Desensitization 
Social scripts
Altered perceptions
Cognitive priming
Time drain
47
Q

Does catharsis work to reduce aggression?

A

No, people who do nothing calm down quicker vs. people who get angry and allow themselves to use uncalm words escalate faster. Aggression leads to heightened aggression can work in the short run, but fuels more negative feelings in the long run. So does holding ones emotions in because they incubate.

Social Psychology (4 decks)

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