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PSYCH 1010 > Test One (Chapters 1-4) > Flashcards

Test One (Chapters 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

define psychology

A

the scientific study of mind and behavior

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2
Q

Name the problem Psychologists face in explaining behavior

A

behavior does not always follow precise rules

  • many possible causes between a behavior
  • same behavior / different reasons
  • same stimulus / different behavior
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3
Q

4 primary things that influence our behavior

A
  1. experience
    2.emotions
    3, social factors
  2. motivated state
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4
Q

Describe the 3 issues that make humans difficult to study

A

complexity: humans are complex
variability: people different btw each other, and ourselves in different circumstances
reactive: behave different when watched

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5
Q

Describe the following three features of science: that it is cumulative, that it is a process, and that it is an attitude

A

cumulative: new research builds on old findings
process: scientific method
attitude: open skepticism and open mind

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6
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge can be obtained via observation

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7
Q

scientific method

A

a set of procedures for gathering information objectivley

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8
Q

Outline the scientific Method

A

theory - hypothesis - experiment - observations - evaluation

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9
Q

theory

A

general explanation of something

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10
Q

hypothesis

A

question or prediction FROM theory, specific test, falsafiable

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11
Q

4 principles of scientific theories

A
  1. explain all available evidence
  2. must be testable
  3. hypothesis must be specific
  4. falsafible
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12
Q

falsifiability criteron

A

a theory is only scientific if it can be potentially be shown to false

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13
Q

bias

A

the influence of a pre-existing point of view

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14
Q

Define observer bias, and describe examples of expectancy effects that can result from this form of bias

A

observer bias: from experiment, scientists unintentionally see what they expect to see

produce results based on our expectations

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15
Q

subject expectancy effect

A

if subject has knowledge of purpose of experiment, they may act how they think the experiments demands them too

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16
Q

demand characteristics

A

the clues the subject gets about what the experiment is about

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17
Q

placebo effect

A

if a patient has an expectation that a treatment will work, the treatment will be effective

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18
Q

observational research

A

case studies, polls, surveys; naturalistic observation

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19
Q

correlational research

A

are measure related in a systematic way?

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20
Q

controlled/experimental research

A

directly manipulate variables to assess cause and effect

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21
Q

problems with correlations

A

correlation does NOT imply causation

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22
Q

third variable problem

A

is there a third variable influencing causation?

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23
Q

positive correlation

A

change in the same direction

ex: more education more income

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24
Q

negative correlation

A

change in opposite directions

ex: golf scores and income

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25
Q

controlled experiments establish casual relationships

A

manipulation: changing a variable to produce an outcome

random assignment: limits pre existing differences

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26
Q

Independent Variable

A

variable that is being manipulated

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27
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the response being measured from the change

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28
Q

experimental group

A

receives independent variable

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29
Q

control group

A

no exposure to independent variable

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30
Q

double blind experiment

A

both the subjects and the experimenter don’t know who is in the control group or the experimental group

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31
Q

confirmation bias

A

we are tuned to those that support our beliefs and disregard things that don’t

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32
Q

the two basic cell types in the nervous system

A

neurons & glial cells

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33
Q

neurons

A

the processors

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34
Q

glial cells

A

support, clear waste, provide nourishment

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35
Q

flow of information through a neuron

A

dendrites - cell body (soma) - axon - terminal - dendrites

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36
Q

describe how neuron can be treated like a battery

A

neurons and information processing within a neuron are electrical

communication BETWEEN neurons is chemical

neurons communicate by changing the voltage of other neurons

37
Q

current

A

movement of ions (charge)

38
Q

what motivates ions to move?

A

electrical charge, chemical diffusion

39
Q

all or none law

A

action potential is either created in its entirety at threshold or not created at all

40
Q

how is action potential generated

A

inside of neuron is negatively charged, draws NA+ and K+

sodium(NA+) is prevented from entering

potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside than out and can leave, but kept in by excess negative charge

41
Q

how voltage changes are generated in dendrites

A

travel to cell body (soma) where they’re added, if all positive voltage changes reach a certain depolarized level – nerve impulse is generated

42
Q

threshold

A

a voltage level at which an action potential is generated

43
Q

propagation

A

myelin insulation restricts where it can occur, making the action potential “jump” from node to node

44
Q

agonist

A

facilitates/mimics the actions of neurotransmitters (improve action)

45
Q

antagonist

A

inhibit the actions of neurotransmitters (like glue in the lock)

46
Q

re-uptake inhibitor

A

cause a drug to stay in the gap longer

47
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

48
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside brain and spinal cord

49
Q

divisions of the AUTOnomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

50
Q

sympathetic

A

expended energy (fight or flight)

51
Q

parasympathetic

A

conserve energy

52
Q

3 major divisions of the brain

A
  1. hindbrain (lowest)
  2. midbrain
  3. forebrain (highest)
53
Q

medulla

A

lowest part of brain, controls autonomic activities between brain and spinal cord (ex heart beat)

54
Q

reticular formation

A

maintains level of alertness and sleep

55
Q

cerebellum

A

complex motor function

56
Q

thalamus

A

relay motor and sensory signals

57
Q

hypothalamus

A

coordinates autonomic nervous system (temperature, thirst, hunger)

58
Q

hippocampus

A

learning and memory

59
Q

amygdala

A

fear and response

60
Q

gyrus

A

bumps

61
Q

sulcus

A

grooves

62
Q

laterality of function in cortex

A

rule of opposites, each hemisphere controls opposite side of body and senses opposite side of the body/world

63
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor

64
Q

parietal

A

touch

65
Q

occipital

A

sight

66
Q

temporal

A

hearing

67
Q

sensation

A

detecting information

68
Q

perception

A

processing and interpreting that information

69
Q

psychophysics

A

earliest experimental field of psychology, interested in sensation and perception

70
Q

absolute threshold

A

level of stimulus that you can detect 50% of the time

71
Q

sources of bias in perception

A

noise and response bias

72
Q

signal detection theory

A

measure decision making process (bias) , assumes detecting information is a decision

73
Q

SDT assumes 2 processes

A

sensory process and decision process

74
Q

just noticeable difference

A

changes detected depends on starting points (example 1 pound + 1 pound is more noticeable than 50 + 1 pound)

75
Q

webers law

A

changes of perception is a constant

K= delta 1 / 1

76
Q

process of sensation

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
  3. coding
77
Q

reception

A

detection by specialized receptors

78
Q

transduction

A

conversion into a neural signal

79
Q

coding

A

neural code of stimulus

80
Q

retina

A

part of CNS, where receptors are located

81
Q

fovea

A

specialized part of retina to detect detail RECEPTION

82
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

83
Q

cells of the retina

A

rods and cones - receptor

bipolar cells - transfer

retinal ganglion cells - output of retina

84
Q

pathway of eye to cortex

A
  1. retina
  2. visual thalamus
  3. primal visual cortex
  4. then other pathways
85
Q

trichromatic theory of color

A

color created by mixing light; red, green, blue

86
Q

color blindness

A

absence of one cone type, sex linked gene

87
Q

two primary streams of visual information

A

dorsal and ventral

88
Q

dorsal (visual info)

A

where pathway

processes information about MOVEMENT and LOCATION

89
Q

ventral (visual info)

A

what pathway

processes information about FORM and IDENTITY of objects

PSYCH 1010 (3 decks)

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