Tests

Question 1

Panel Testing?

Answer 1

may be useful in initial evaluation of a new patient
eg Urea & electrolytes (U&Es), Full Blood Examination (FBE) -
red blood cell count,
white blood cell count,
haeomglobin

Question 2

U&Es

Answer 2

sodium

potassium

chloride

bicarbonate

urea

eGFR

creatinine
Other electrolytes that can be ordered, but are not considered part of the 
U&E ‘suite’ of tests

calcium, phosphate & magnesium

Question 3

Renal function (GFR)

Answer 3

Use endogenous markers (eg creatinine) or exogenous markers (eg
inulin, Tc-DTPA)
***MOST ACCURATE TO MEASURE RENAL CLEARANCE)
most commonly assessed using serum creatinine

Question 4

eGFR

Answer 4

calculate from age, serum creatinine, gender

Question 5

Urinalysis

Answer 5

MACROSCOPIC - protein
–
glucose, ketones
–
blood, haemoglobin
–
bilirubin,  bile, urobilinogen
–
leucocyte esterase 
–
Nitrite

MICROSCOPIC -
microorganisms
–
cells (red blood, white blood, tubular epithelial)
–
casts
–
Crystal

Question 6

ESR?

Answer 6

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Useful for monitoring activity of inflammatory conditions eg
rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis

Question 7

assessment of anemia

Answer 7

Decrease in red blood cell count or haemoglobin 
concentration


Normal development of RBCs requires iron, vitamin 
B12 & folic acid

iron studies include
–
serum ferritin
–
serum iron
–
transferrin

Question 8

haemostasis tests

Answer 8

platelets - platelet count
coagulation - INR; activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
–
clot degradation
•
Fibrin degradation products
•
D
-
dime

Question 9

CRP

Answer 9

reactive protein
–
Is a nonspecific acute phase reactant that is released in the
presence of inflammatory processes (eg infections, malignancy,
tissue injury)

synthesised in the liver

Question 10

BNP

Answer 10

B-type natriuretic peptide
–
Neurohormone released by the ventricular myocardium in
response to volume overload

Question 11

ABGs

Answer 11

maintained by , liver, lungs

anion gap between sodium and cholride

pH, PAo2, PACO2

Question 12

pulmonary function tests

Answer 12

MEASURE:
–
lung volumes
–
lung flow
–
diffusion capacity
–
airway reactivity
–
compliance
–
resistance
–
conductance

Question 13

MUSCLE DAMAGE

Answer 13

Muscle (cardiac & skeletal) contains:
–
contractile proteins (actin, myosin, troponins)
–
enzymes (creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate
dehydrogenase)
–
oxygen binding protein (myoglobin)

cells turn over slowly
-
small amounts in plasma until muscle damaged,
then large amounts appear.

Question 14

troponins

Answer 14

Tropnins I and T found in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue

highyl sensitive markey of m[uscular injury

appear 4-12 hours after injury and remain for 4-12 weeks

Question 15

lipids

Answer 15

fasting not required

but LDL and HDL require fasting

Question 16

live rfunction tests

Answer 16

synthesis capabilities - albumin

liver enzymes - alanine amino transferase

cholestasis - bilrubin

Question 17

Jaundice

Answer 17

yellow
appearance of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from
an increased bilirubin concentration in body fluids.

when serum above 50 micromol/L

Question 18

glucose haeomostasis

Answer 18

glucose tolerance test

Hb1ac

urine testing

Question 19

infectious disease

Answer 19

Gram stain positve or negative to identify bacteria

Question 20

cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 20

increase pressure caused by

blocks in circulation (tumour, haemorrhage, oedema)
–
inflammatory damage
–
Increased  venous pressure

Question 21

test for CSF

Answer 21

increase in albumin means damage to BBB

Question 22

test for CSF composition

Answer 22

glucsoe 60-70
white cells few
red blod cell normal