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Human Physiology > The blood > Flashcards

The blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood made up of ?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC) , Leukocytes (WBC) , Thrombocytes (platelets) = 45%

55% Plasma

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2
Q

How is the blood separated into its components?

A

By centrifugation , a medium is also placed inside for specific density.

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3
Q

What is the role of albumin?

A

Albumin is a protein made by the liver. It makes up about 60% of the total protein in the blood.

It keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels; nourishes tissues; and transports hormones, vitamins.

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4
Q

What is the role of plasma and what is it made up of ?

A

Plasma acts a buffer and helps maintain blood pressure.

Plasma is made up of 90% Water
10% Solutes which are:

Respiratory Gases 
Proteins(8%)
Nutrients i.e. glucose , fats 
Waste products 
Electrolytes i.e. sodium , potassium , chloride (balance ions)
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5
Q

What are the functions of the blood ?

A 
Maintain body temperature (takes heat from liver and muscle contraction)
Controls pH 
Clear toxins
Regulate electrolytes 
Identify and remove harmful substances 
Regulate blood clotting
Transport
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6
Q

What does the blood transport?

A 
Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
Hormones
Enzymes
Plasma proteins 
Nutrients

Note: Oxygen can be transported through 2 ways
As oxyhaemoglobin (most common)
Oxygen dissolved in plasma

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7
Q

What special feature do red blood cells have ?

A

They have a biconcave shape with a lack of organelles to increase the surface area for oxygen transport.

Therefore , short life span.

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8
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

It has 4 Polypeptide chains
2 alpha and 2 beta.chains

Attached to each chain is an Iron (Haem)
Iron is in the middle.

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9
Q

What happens during oxygenation?

A

Oxygen diffuses into red blood cell by simple diffusion.This causes the oxygen to have an affinity for one of the haemoglobin proteins.
Once they bind , the conformation and shape changes. This makes it easier for the second , third and 4th haemoglobin to bind.

Oxyhaemoglobin formed.(bright red)

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10
Q

Transport of Carbon dioxide

A

Carbon dioxide = Water -> H2CO3 (carbonic Acid
Reaction is catalysed by carbonic anhydrase.

H2CO3 then dissociates into H(+) + HCO3- (bicarbonate)

Hydrogen ion binds to the oxyhaemoglobin and bicarbonate dissolves in the plasma.
The oxygen is therefore removed from haemoglobin. (Competition between oxygen and H+ )

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11
Q

Why do chloride ions diffuse into RBC?

A

Chlorine balances the charge.

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12
Q

What happens to the hydrogen ion in the pulmonary capillary?

A

H+ion combines with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid.

Carbonic anhydrase reverses reaction so that carbon dioxide and water are produced.

CO2 is exhaled.

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13
Q

Describe the stages during Erythropoiesis (formation of RBC)

A

1) Stem cell - Hemocytoblast ( specialises into blood cells)
2) Committed cell - Proerythroblast “precursor”

3)Development pathway:
1.Ribosome synthesis (early erythrocyte)
2.Haemoglobin accumulation
3.Ejection of nucleus and other organelles.
Normoblast to Reticulocyte

Erythrocyte

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14
Q

What is hematopoietic?

A

Blood forming stem cells

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15
Q

Life cycle of erythrocytes (Production)

A

The production begins in the bone marrow ( t lymphocytes ,migrate to thymus gland)

Erythropoietin (HGF) stimulates erythrocyte production.interleukins for WBC.

It is released from the kidney in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.

Erythropoietin travels to bone marrow. Red blood cells are released after differentiation.

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16
Q

Life cycle of erythrocytes ( Destruction)

A

Spleen removes old erythrocytes.
They are engulfed by macrophages in the spleen.

Haemoglobin is broken down into haem and globin. Globin is broken down into amino acids and is reused.
After iron is removed , haem is converted into billirubin(yellow compound).

Billirubin is then released into the blood stream where it travels to the liver to be broken down further.

Most of billirubin is secreted in the bile to the small intestine.
then secreted in faeces.

17
Q

How is the Hematocrit determined?

A

Also known as packed cell volume (PCV)

Hematocrit= height of erythrocyte column/height of whole blood column

18
Q

How is Iron transported after the catabolic process of haemoglobin?

A

Transferrin protein picks up iron from the GI tract or spleen and transports it back to the bone marrow.

19
Q

What is hypochromic?

A

It is the colour loss of blood cells due to the low amount of haemoglobin.

20
Q

What is Spherocyte?

A

Blood cells lose shape due to protein loss.

21
Q

White blood cell (Clinical)

A

Increased number indicates an infection. (from bacterial , viral or fungal sources )

Increased number in immature cells = leukaemia

Low numbers indicate cytotoxic, chemotherapy,immunosupression therapy , anaemia

A low number means a loss of protection against infections.

22
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Haemostasis is the body’s normal response for the prevention and stopping of bleeding/haemorrhage.

It therefore is a balance between the clotting and flow of blood to avoid thrombosis or blood loss.

23
Q

What 3 steps do platelets carry out to prevent blood loss?

A

Adhesion (platelets adhere onto the surface of collagen)
Activation
Aggregation/ Agglutination

24
Q

What 2 types of Haemostatic Plug are there?

A

Primary =during injury blood is lost

Secondary= formation of insoluble, cross-linked fibrin by activated coagulation factors, specifically thrombis

25
Q

Coagulation cascade (intrinsic)

A

It amplifies and localises coagulation.

2 pathways that lead to the production of fibrin.

Intrinsic pathway ( contact activation) - starts with factor 12 which is converted into its active form 12a.
Factor 12a activated the conversion of factor 10 to 10a.

Prothrombin is converted into thrombin.
Thrombin then converts firinogen into fibrin.

Fibrin forms a mesh at the injury side,to reduce blood clot.

26
Q

Coagulation cascade (extrinsic)

A

Extrinsic pathway (Tissue factor):

Tissue factor is released from damaged tissue.

Factor 7 converts into 7a. Both 7a and the tissue factor combine to activate factor 5.

27
Q

Which factors does thrombin activate?

A

Factor 5 ,8 and 11.

28
Q

What is von Willenbrand factor(vWf)

A

It is secreted by megakarocytes,platelets.

vWf is present in plasma it only accumulates at the site of vessel damage.

29
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

It is failure of the bone marrow , excess bleeding,

Clotting factor synthesis:
Vitamin K , Inherited

Human Physiology (2 decks)

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