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Brains for Zombies > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in arousal, attention, memory, and muscle contractions.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A-cetyl-choline

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2
Q

Mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and mood.

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

Nor-epi-nephrine

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3
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in sleep, mood, anxiety, and appetite.

A

Serotonin (5-HT)

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4
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure.

A

Dopamine (DA)

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6
Q

Inhibitory neural regulators; involved in pain relief.

A

Endorphins

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7
Q

The tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when it’s shape changes on the retina.

A

Shape Constancy

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8
Q

Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning, memory information, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity.

A

Glutamate

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9
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in sleep and inhibits movements.

A

GABA-aminobutyric acid

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10
Q

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size, regardless of its distance.

A

Size Constancy

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10
Q

Hearing, sight, touch, or taste. Part of the forebrain that relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex that deals with that kind of sensation. Also a part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain. Relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex. Processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area.

A

Thalamus

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11
Q

Prepares the body to react and expend energy in the time of stress. Fight or flight system that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal. A part of the Autonomic Nervous System.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System
or
Sympathetic Division

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12
Q

This area processes visual information from the eyes in the primary visual cortex. Helps identify and make sense of the visual information from the eyes. They are located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain.

A

Occipital Lobes

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13
Q

Breathing, swallowing, heart rate. The first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions. Also in this part of the sensory nerves coming from the left and right sides of the body crossover, so that sensory information from the left side of the body goes to the right side of the brain and vice versa.

A

Medulla

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14
Q

For most people this area is located in the left temporal lobe and is devoted to the ability of speaking the right words and understanding them.

A

Wernicke’s Area

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15
Q

Transmits information to and from the Central Nervous System. All nerves and neurons that are contained in the brain and spinal cord, but that run through the body itself. Divided into the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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16
Q

Used to take a series of X-ray’s of the brain aided by a computer. Involves mapping “slices” of the brain, can also show stroke damage, tumors, injures, and abnormal brain structure. Also useful for imaging possible skull fractures and are the imaging method of choice when there is metal in the body (bullet or surgical clips). Does not show small detail.

A

Computed Tomography
or
CT Scan

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17
Q

The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same, even when the light conditions change.

A

Brightness Constancy

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18
Q

Occurs when special receptors in the sense organs; eyes, ears, nose, skin, and taste buds - are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain.

A

Sensation

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19
Q

A neuron that carries information from the senses to the Central Nervous System (spinal cord).

A

Afferent (sensory) Neuron

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20
Q

Contains the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association area. Contains the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech.

A

Temporal Lobes

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21
Q

Specializes in language speech, handwriting, calculations (math), sense of time and rhythm (which is mathematical in nature), and basically any kind of thought requiring analysis. Processes information sequentially. Controls the right hand, spoken language, written language, mathematical calculations, logical thought processes, analysis of detail, and reading.

A

Left Hemisphere
or
Left Hemisphere Specialization

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22
Q

Carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles. A division of the Peripheral Nervous System consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the Central Nervous System to the voluntary muscles of the body. Makes up the sensory pathway and the motor pathway.

A

Somatic Nervous System

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23
Q

A fairly harmless way to study the activity of the cortex (large groups of cortical neurons) just below the skull. In this procedure scalp electrodes are most often used to record the activities of the brain.

A

Electroencephalogram
or
EEG

24
Q

This hardbody is responsible for allowing communication between the left and right hemispheres. Also this hardbody is a thick band of neurons that connects these two hemispheres.

A

Corpus Callosum

25
Q

An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body. Is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System
or
CNS

26
Q

A part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning. Responsible for maintaining the life of the cell.

A

Soma
or
Cell Body

27
Q

This method uses radio waves and magnetic fields to align hydrogen atoms in the brain tissue (which normally spin in a random fashion); then radio pulses are used to make the atoms spin at a particular frequency and direction. This creates a three-dimensional image of the brain and displays “slices” of that image on a screen. Allows doctors to see the effects of very small strokes. Much more detailed than other methods.

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
or
MRI

28
Q

The best current explanation for how the sensation of pain works. A theory that pain signals must pass through a “gate” located in the spinal cord. The “gate” is closed by non-pain signals coming into the spinal cord from the body and by signals coming from the brain.

A

Gate Control Theory of Pain

29
Q

Coordinates voluntary movements that have to happen in rapid succession, such as walking, diving, skating, gymnastics, dancing, typing, playing musical instruments, and even the movements of speech. Learned reflexes, skills, and habits are also stored here, which allows them to become more or less automatic. Part of the hindbrain that controls balance and maintains muscle coordinations. Located at the base of the skull, behind the pons and below the main part of the brain, it controls all involuntary, rapid, fine motor movements.

A

Cerebellum

30
Q

Secrets chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream. The chemicals are carried in the bloodstream to their target organs. The hormones (chemicals) fit into receptor sites on the target organs to for-fill their function, affecting behavior as they do so.

A

Endocrine Glands

31
Q

Appears to specialize in more global (widespread) processing involving perception, visualization, spatial perception, recognition of patterns, faces, emotions, melodies, and expression of emotions. It also comprehends simple language but does not produce nor influence speech. Controls the left hand, nonverbal, visual-spatial perception, music and artistic processing, emotional thought and recognition processes the “whole”, pattern recognition, and facial recognition.

A

Right Hemisphere Specialization

32
Q

Is the method by which the brain takes all the sensations we experience at any given moment and allows them to be interpreted in some meaningful fashion.

A

Perception

33
Q

Responsible for the motivational behaviors, controls the pituitary, it regulates body temp, thirst, hunger, sleeping, walking, sexual activity, and emotions (aggression and fear). It sits right above the pituitary gland (master gland), the ultimate regulation of hormones lies with this part of the brain. Very small but extremely powerful part of the brain.

A

Hypothalamus

34
Q

Consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands. It also controls the sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the Central Nervous System. Regulates glands, internal organs, blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, and blood pressure. Made up of sensory neurons.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

35
Q

For most people this area is located in the left frontal lobe and is devoted to the production of speech. It specifically allows a person to speak smoothly and fluently.

A

Broca’s Area

36
Q

A part of the neuron that is a fiber attached to the cell body and its job is to carry messages out to the other cells.

A

Axon

is tube like in structure

37
Q

Is responsible for selective general attention, alertness, and arousal. An area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond.

A

Reticular Formation

38
Q

Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensation.

A

Parietal Lobes

39
Q

The tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background.

A

Figure Ground

40
Q

The lowest of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present.

A

Absolute Threshold

41
Q

A part in the neuron that receives messages from other cells or neurons.

A

Dendrites

has a branch like structure

42
Q

A neuron that carries messages from the Central Nervous System (spinal cord) to the muscles and glands of the body.

A

Efferent Neuron

motor

43
Q

Inside the synaptic vesicles (a fluid- or air filled cavity or sac) are chemicals suspended in fluid, when released, have an effect on the next cell.

A

Neurotransmitters

44
Q

Found in the neck; regulates metabolism. Also secrets hormones that regulate growth, and plays a crucial role in brain and body development.

A

Thyroid Gland

45
Q

Is secreted by the pineal gland, which helps track day length (and seasons). In some animals it influences seasonal behaviors such as breeding and molting (shed feathers, skin, hair, or an old shell; to make way for new growth). In humans, it is more influential in regulating the sleep-wake cycle.

A

Melatonin

46
Q

The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system.

A

Neuron(s)

47
Q

Made up of the afferent, efferent, and interneuron, it is responsible for certain reflexes- very fast, life saving reflexes.

A

The Reflex Arc

48
Q

A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neuron. Also makes up the bulk of the neurons in the brain.

A

Interneuron

49
Q

Areas of the brain located in the front and top, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech. All the higher mental functions of the brain are formed here- planning, personality, memory storage, complex decision making, and areas devoted to language. For most people it is located in the left hemisphere, helps in controlling emotions by means of its connection to the limbic system. Also contains motor cortex cells that control the movements of the body’s voluntary muscles by sending commands out to the somatic division of the Peripheral Nervous System.

A

Frontal Lobe

50
Q

Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions; saves energy. A part of the Autonomic Nervous System that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day to day functioning of the organs and glands.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System
or
Parasympathetic Division

51
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory

A

(A-cetyl-choline)
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin

52
Q

Mainly excitatory

A

Norepinephrine

Nor-epi-nephrine

53
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA-aminobutyric acid

54
Q

Major excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

55
Q

Inhibitory neural regulators

A

Endorphins

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