*GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1*

Question 1

Where is a case study for tropical storms and state four facts about it?

Answer 1

-Typhoon Haiyan
-south-east Asia, Philippines -2013
-was near the water, so storm surges occured which were over 5m above sea level.
-category 5 storm

Question 2

What are two statistics about the number of deaths and the scale of destruction (TYPHOON HAIYAN)?

Answer 2

-90% of Tacloban was destroyed
-at least 6,300 people died from drowning, falling debris

Question 3

What are three primary effects of the storm (TYPHOON HAIYAN)?

Answer 3

-aiports damaged and power cuts
-30,000 fishing boats were destroyed
-40,000 homes damaged

Question 4

What are secondary effects of the storm (TYPHOON HAIYAN)?

Answer 4

-14 million people affected
-major shortages of food,water and aid, looting increased as survivors fought for food and supplies.
-flooding and heavy rain caused landslides which blocked roads and slowed relief efforts.

Question 5

What were two immediate responses to the storm? (TYPHOON HAIYAN)

Answer 5

-800,000 evacuated, 1,200 evacuation centres
-Government sent out medical supplies and equipment (however, supplies washed away in 1 area)

Question 6

What was a long-term response to the storm and one negative of this? (TYPHOON HAIYAN)

Answer 6

-there was a government scheme (Build Back Better)
-205,000 homes proposed to be built toi rehome people in coastal areas.
-however, by 2016, only 1% of this target was reached

Question 7

What is an example of an extreme cold weather event in the UK and two key facts about it?

Answer 7

-Beast from the East
-affected areas across England, Wales and Scotland in 2018.
-cold air mass moved across Europe from Siberia

Question 8

What were four impacts of the Beast from the East?

Answer 8

-10 poeple died (SO)
-hundreds of schools closed and hospital operations cancelled (SO)
-British Airways cancelled 100s of short-haul flights from Heathrow
-up to 50cm of snow fell on high ground

Question 9

What are three responses of the Beast from the East?

Answer 9

-Red Weather Warnings were issued covering parts of Scotland, Devon and South-Wales
-Royal Air Force transported doctors and stranded patients.
-the military provided support rescuing vehicles.

Question 10

What is an example of an earthquake in a HIC and give two facts about this?

Answer 10

-Tohuku earthquake in Japan (HIC)
-In 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Tohuku, Japan.

Question 11

What are three primary effects of the Tohuku earthquake?

Answer 11

-1235 aftershocks
-20 people injured in Tokyo where a roof collapsed on a graduation ceremony.
-22 million tonnes of debris scattered across towns.

Question 12

What are two secondary effects of the Tohuku earthquake?

Answer 12

-the plate moving upward caused a tsunami reaching heights of 40.5m in places.
-nuclear accidents of Fukishima nuclear power station led to radiation leaks and evacuations.

Question 13

What are three responses of the Tohuku earthquake?

Answer 13

-around 14,000 residents evacuated
-147,000 people reached with emergency aid and supplies
-Toyota and Sony stopped production and other companies relocated aborad permenantly.

Question 14

What is an example of an LIC earthquake and give twon facts about this?

Answer 14

-Gorkha earthquake
-in 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck the Gorkha district in Nepal, epicentre in Barpak.

Question 15

What are two primary effects of the Gorkha earthquake?

Answer 15

-8841 dead, 16,800 injured
-26 hospitals and 50% of schools destroyed

Question 16

What are two secondary effects of the Gorkha earthquake?

Answer 16

-over 1 million homeless and 2 million without access to clean water and sanitationbv, causing typhus outbreaks.
-tourism affected badly, 8.9% of Nepal’s GDP and 1.1 million jobs.

Question 17

What are two responses of the Gorkha earthquake?

Answer 17

-temporary shelters- Red Cross Tents for 225,000 people.
-Mount Everest re opened in 2015 (August) after some trails re-routed, boosted tourism.

Question 18

What is an example of a small-scale ecosystem in the UK and how are the organisms interdependent there?

Answer 18

-Epping forest in north-east London.
-the organisms are interdependent. There are producers (mosses, deciduous trees, shrubs) which use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into chemical energy.
-there is also consumers (insects, rabbits, owl and fox) which eat herbivores and/or plants.

Question 19

Is biodiversity high in Epping forest, give two examples of this?

Answer 19

-biodiversity is high.
-38 bird species and 117 species of moss and lichen.

Question 20

How is nutrient cycling done in Epping forest?

Answer 20

-biomass is high in Epping forest (due to height of trees)
-soil store is large (plenty of humus), decomposers and detritivores break leaves up.
-the humus is high in nutrients for next season’s growth. This will include fruits and berries that support next season’s growth.
-as animals die, they add nutrients, carbon and water to the soil, adds to nutrient cycle.

Question 21

What is an example of a tropical rainforest that has been deforested and give two statistics about this?

Answer 21

-Indonesia is in south-east Asia.
-In the 1960s, 80% was covered in forest.
-Indonesia has now lost over 70% of its rainforest.

Question 22

What is substinence farming and two facts about this?

Answer 22

-producing food only for the benefit of farmer and his farming.
-causes 1/3 to 2/5 of all deforestation.
-slash and burn technique used.

Question 23

What is logging and what is one statistic about this?

Answer 23

-business of cutting down trees and transporting logs.
-in 1998, about 40% of logging was illegal.

Question 24

What is commercial farming and what is one statistic about this?

Answer 24

-farming to sell produce to retailers.
-world’s largest producer of palm oil, 31% of world supply.

Question 25

What is mineral extraction and what is one statistic about this?

Answer 25

-removal of solid minerals from earth.
-70-80% of Indonesia’s coal is exported to other countries.

Question 26

What is one fact about energy development?

Answer 26

-in Borneo, more than a dozen dams are being planned to generate power for large-scale mining. Forest will be cleared for contruction and areas of rainforest behind dam will be flooded.

Question 27

What are two statistics of economic development as an impact of deforestation?

Answer 27

-agriculture contributes to 14.4% of Indonesia’s GDP.
-41% of total Indonesian workforce employed in agriculture.

Question 28

How is soil erosion an imapct of deforestation?

Answer 28

-tree roots anchor soil. Without trees, soil is free to wash, blow away. This leads to vegetation growth problems.

Question 29

How is contribution to climate change an impact of deforestation?

Answer 29

-300bn tons of carbon is stored in trees.
-deforestation is 2nd largest humasn caused source of C02 to atmosphere.

Question 30

What is a case study on a cold environment?

Answer 30

Alaska

Question 31

What is one statistic about fishing as an opportunity in Alaska?

Answer 31

-commercial fishing employs 1 in 10 Alaskans

Question 32

What is one statistic about mineral extraction as an opportunity in Alaska?

Answer 32

-known as the ‘Gold Rush State’, today 1/5th of the state’s mining wealth comes from gold

Question 33

What is one statistic about tourism as an oportunity in Alaska?

Answer 33

-around 2 million tourists visit each year bringing in money and increasing employment

Question 34

What is one statistic about energy as an opportunity in Alaska?

Answer 34

-over half ofAlaska’s income comes from the oil and gas industry

Question 35

What is an effect of extreme temperature as a challenge in Alaksa?

Answer 35

-average temperatures in Prudhoe Bay is -9 degrees celcius.
-exposure to cold causes injury/death.

Question 36

What is an effect of inaccessiblity as a challenge in Alaska?

Answer 36

-permafrost underlies most of Alaska so in summer, you cannot go off road due to this layer melting and cars getting stuck.

Question 37

What is an effect of provision of building and infrastructure as a challenge in Alaska?

Answer 37

-old buildings sink into the ground when permafrost melts, homes are unsafe to live in.

Question 38

What are the risks to the environment of these challenges and how are these risks managed (Alaska)?

Answer 38

-1 million litres of oil were spilled in North Slope Region which is very fragile in 2006.
-Trans Alaskan pipeline moved underground to prevent disturbance of migration routes, while it is also heavily insulated to prevent permafrost melts.