The Changing UK landscape

Question 1

what is mechanical weathering?

Answer 1

the breakdown of rocks due to the exertion of physical forces without any chemical changes taking place.

Question 2

give and example of mechanical weathering

Answer 2

Freeze-thaw Weathering - this is when water gets inside a crack and it freezes. this causes the rock to expand and it cracks. this processes repeats

Question 3

what is chemical weathering?

Answer 3

the breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions

Question 4

give and example of chemical weathering?

Answer 4

Carbonation - where acid rain reacts with calcium carbonate in rocks to form a chemical compound which can be easily dissolved

Question 5

what is biological weathering?

Answer 5

the breakdown of rocks due to the actions of plants ,animals and bacteria

Question 6

give an example of biological weathering?

Answer 6

where roots grow into rocks and break them apart

Question 7

what is vertical erosion?

Answer 7

downwards erosion that deepens the river channel

Question 8

what is lateral erosion?

Answer 8

sideways erosion of a river which widens the river

Question 9

what are the three main things that rivers do?

Answer 9

. erosion
. transportation
. deposition

Question 10

what is attrition?

Answer 10

stones and boulders carried by the river knock against each other overtime and they become smaller and rounder

Question 11

what is hydraulic action?

Answer 11

the force of the water hitting the river bed and banks which causes cracks

Question 12

what is abrasion?

Answer 12

when the load the river is carrying repeatedly hits off f the river bed and banks causing material to fall off.

Question 13

what is solution (erosional )

Answer 13

certain rocks types can be dissolved by the water if it is acidic enough

Question 14

what is transportation?

Answer 14

the rover carrying material as it flows downstream

Question 15

what is traction?

Answer 15

large sediment is rolled along the river bed

Question 16

what is saltation?

Answer 16

sediment is transported by repeatedly being picked up and dropped as river energy fluctuates

Question 17

what is suspension?

Answer 17

smaller sediment particles are carried within the water flow

Question 18

what is solution?

Answer 18

dissolved sediment in the rivers is moved by the river flow

Question 19

what is deposition?

Answer 19

this is when the river dumps the load that it has been carrying.

The largest material is dropped first as the water looses energy

the smaller the load the further it can be transported

Question 20

why might the river drop its load if it looses energy?

Answer 20

. there is a fall in the speed of the river
. the amount of water is less because of increases friction
. when the gradient changes
. when a river enters a sea or a lake

Question 21

what are the three courses that a river is made up of?

Answer 21

lower middle and upper course

Question 22

what are the characteristics of the lower course

Answer 22

. carrying the largest volume of water so it’s the widest and deepest
. the size of the valley has increased so it is even wider and flatter than the middle course
.FLAT, DEEPEST, WIDEST

Question 23

what are the characteristics of the middle course

Answer 23

. Form a channel which is rounder and deeper to let more water flow through
. the more water that passes by = the more energy there is to erode and widen the channel
. the area around the river is low lying and flat
. Gently sloping, deep, wide

Question 24

what are the characteristics of the upper course

Answer 24

. the river starts as tributaries which are narrow and v-shaped
. doesn’t carry a lot of water; not a lot of energy in the channel
. tend to flow through steep sided valleys
. STEEP, SHALLOW AND NARROW

Question 25

Name two types of soft engineering?

Answer 25

flood plain zoning and washlands

Question 26

Name two types of hard engineering?

Answer 26

channelisation and dams+reseviors

Question 27

what is mass movement?

Answer 27

the downhill movement of sediment due to gravity

Question 28

what are rock falls?

Answer 28

occurs on slopped cliffs when the rocks become exposed to mechanical weathering.

Question 29

what are landslides?

Answer 29

heavy rock causes overlying rock to become saturated with water, making it heavier resulting in large rocks rapidly sliding down the slope.

Question 30

what are mudslides?

Answer 30

saturated soil flows down the face of a hill like a fluid, bulging in the bottom in a lobe

Question 31

what is slumping?

Answer 31

soil and rock fragments become saturated with water. chunks of rock and soil slip rotationally creating steeped ‘heads’ down the rock face

Question 32

describe the characteristics of sedimentary rocks

Answer 32

. soft and easy to erode
.creates flat or small hilled landscapes
. SE of the UK
. limestone, sandstone

Question 33

describe the characteristics of igneous rocks

Answer 33

.Intrusive= underground
.Extrusive = over ground
. Hard, doesn’t erode easily
. granite and basalt

Question 34

describe the characteristics of metamorphic rocks

Answer 34

.hard doesn’t erode easily
. NW of the UK
. creates upland landscapes

Question 35

how are sedimentary rocks made?

Answer 35

Formed by sediment that has been deposited by either the river ,sea or wind. Over millions of years they get compacted into rocks

Question 36

how are igneous rocks made?

Answer 36

Formed by the cooling of magma or lava and it crystalizes forming igneous rocks

Question 37

how are metamorphic rocks made?

Answer 37

formed by sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been changed by being heated or put under pressure.

Question 38

name three tectonic processes that have affected the UK

Answer 38

. plate collision
. active volcanoes
. continental drift

Question 39

what’s the formation of a Corrie?

Question 40

what’s an Arete?

Question 41

what a Pyramidal Peak?

Question 42

what’s a hanging valley?

Question 43

what’s a misfit stream?

Question 44

what is plucking?

Question 45

what is abrasion (glaciation)?