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GCSE History Mocks > The Civil Rights Movement > Flashcards

The Civil Rights Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What did black Americans face in the South?

A
  • Segregation
  • Discrimination
  • Attempts to prevent from them voting
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2
Q

Which organisations campaigned to improve black civil rights?

A

NAACP and CORE

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3
Q

What did racial segregation in the South aim to prevent in the early 1950s?

A

Black and white mixing on public transport and in schools, restaurants and other public places

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4
Q

What racist laws existed?

A
  • The ‘Jim Crow’ laws used to segregate black and white Americans
  • It stated that it was legal to segregate as long as services were ‘separate but equal’
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5
Q

What was segregated?

A
  • Public facilities and services such as cinemas, toilets, schools and transport
  • In reality, services for black Americans were often inferior to those for white people
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5
Q

What discrimination and violence occured in the Southern states?

A
  • Majority of white people viewed black Americans as racially inferior
  • Racist white officials, including police and judges, were often members of the KKK
  • The frequent assaults and murders of black people were not properly investigated or prosecuted
  • Black people were not allowed to sit on juries in a court of law
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5
Q

What were voting rights like for black Americans?

A
  • White gangs physically stopped black Americans from voting, and sometimes attacked them for trying to register to vote
  • Some Southern states, such as Georgia and Virginia, passed laws making it harder for black people to vote. For example, they used unfair literacy tests to make it harder for black Americans to qualify for the vote
  • Some Southern states introduced the ‘grandfather clause’ whereby voters had to prove their forefathers had voted. For descendents of slave this was impossible as they had been barred from voting
  • Sometimes white employers sacked black workers if they registered to vote or voted
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6
Q

When was the NAACP set up?

A

1909

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7
Q

What did the NAACP do?

A
  • They fought for civil rights using the legal system and the courts
  • They defended black people who had been unfairly convicted of crimes
  • It focused on overturning ‘separate but equal’ ruling
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8
Q

When was CORE set up?

A

1942

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9
Q

How were CORE different to NAACP?

A

They had a smaller membership

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10
Q

What did CORE do?

A

Members used non-violent direct action; they trained local activists in these techniques

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11
Q

Where did CORE operate?

A

Mostly in the Northern states

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12
Q

What was CORE’s demographic in its early years?

A

White and middle class

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13
Q

What did the NAACP do in 1952?

A

They put five desegregation cases together and took them to the Supreme Court as Brown vs the Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas

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14
Q

Who was Linda Brown?

A

A black American student who became famous after her experiences of segregated school education were used in a legal case brought to the Supreme Court by the NAACP in 1954

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15
Q

What did the legal case argue?

A

That the principle of ‘separate but equal’ in schools was unconstitutional, as it damaged black children

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16
Q

What about Linda Brown was used in the case?

A

She had to walk past her local white school to reach the nearest black school - this made her feel separate and not equal to white kids

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17
Q

What did the Supreme Court rule in 1896?

A

That racial segregation was constitutional as long as facilities were ‘separate but equal’

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18
Q

How were conditions for black Americans separate and unequal?

A

Black schools were often underfunded compared to white schools and had poor facilities

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19
Q

(BvT) What happened in Dec 1952?

A

The judges in the case asked to hear more legal advice. Earl Warren became new Chief Justice.

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20
Q

(BvT) What happened in 1952?

A

NAACP took school segregation cases to the Supreme Court, claiming segregated schools broke the 14th Amendment as they made children feel inferior.

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21
Q

(BvT) What happened in May 1954?

A

The Supreme Court ruled that segregated education was unconstitutional. However, the Court set no time limit for the desegregation of schools.

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22
Q

(BvT) What happened in July 1954?

A

In the ‘Deep South’, White Citizens’ Councils were set up to stop desegregation. They were prepared to use extreme violence

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23
Q

(BvT) What happened in May 1955?

A

A second court ruling said that desegregation in schools should happen ‘with all deliberate speed’

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24
Q

(BvT) What happened in 1957?

A

753 school districts had desegregated education

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25
Q

(1) Short term significance of BvT

A

Brown rulings overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision, which allowed public facilities, including schools, to be segregated

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26
Q

(2) Short term significance of BvT

A

There was a white backlash and membership of the KKK increased

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27
Q

(3) Short term significance of BvT

A

Black students and teachers, and their families, faced threats and hostility in desegrated schools

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28
Q

(4) Short term significance of BvT

A

Some good schools for black Americans were shut down

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29
Q

(5) Short term significance of BvT

A

Many Southern states found ways to avoid complying with the court rulings

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30
Q

Long-term significance of BvT

A
  • Awareness of civil rights issues in the Southern states increased
  • Rulings were an inspiration for other desegregation campaigns
  • White Americans moved out of areas where black Americans lived, to avoid forced desegregation
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31
Q

What happened in 1957 at Little Rock High School?

A

In Little Rock, Arkansas, nine black students - known as the ‘Little Rock Nine’ - attended the newly desegregated high school. They were treated very badly by white Americans who wanted the segregation of schools to continue in the South

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32
Q

Background of Little Rock

A
  • 75 black students applied to join Little Rock High School; the school board accepted 25
  • However, if their families were intimidated with threats if they tried to take their places at the school
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33
Q

Who were the ‘Little Rock Nine’?

A

The nine students at the start of the 1957 school year who were still planning to register

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34
Q

Who was Governor Orval Faubus?

A

State governor of Arkanasas, who became a fierce opponent of school integration

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35
Q

What did Faubus do in 1958?

A
  • He closed every school in Little Rock, in an attempt to stop racial integration taking place
  • This lasted for a year but pressure from parents eventually forced him to reopen schools
36
Q

(1) Events at Little Rock, 1957

A

The Brown case led to the school board agreeing that Little Rock High School would be desegregated on 3 September 1957, at the start of the new school term

37
Q

(2) Events at Little Rock, 1957

A

The NAACP arranged for the new black students to arrive there together on 4 September

38
Q

(3) Events at Little Rock, 1957

A

Faubus sent 250 state troops to surround the school when the Little Rock Nine were due to start; he said this was to ‘keep the peace’. This blocked the black students from gaining entrance

39
Q

(4) Events at Little Rock, 1957

A

Elizabeth Ruckford did not get the notification to arrive with the rest of the group. She was targeted by the crowd and racially abused.

40
Q

(5) Events at Little Rock, 1957

A

District judges and lawyers for the NAACP used the courts to challenge Faubus and force him to withdraw the state troops

41
Q

(6) Events at Little Rock, 1957

A

On 24 September, President Eisenhower sent in federal troops, to ensure black students could attend school without being attacked. The black students were finally able to enter the school successfully

42
Q

What did worldwide media coverage of the events at Little Rock cause?

A

President Eisenhower to get involved, as the USA’s image was being damaged abroad

43
Q

What did rioting at Little Rock lead to?

A
  • Eisenhower to send in 1000 federal troops
  • He used a presidential order, as he knew Congress would disapprove of the decision to intervene on state affairs
44
Q

What was Eisenhower concerned about?

A

White opposition to integration

45
Q

What did Eisenhower want to improve?

A

Black civil rights white avoiding potential violent unrest about racial integration in the Deep South, where opposition was strongest

46
Q

(1) Significance of events at Little Rock

A

Hundreds of reporters from local and international news stations reported the events. People were shocked by the coverage of how children were being racially abused.

47
Q

(2) Significance of events at Little Rock

A

There was continued resistance to school integration after 1957. In the South, many schools shut down rather than desegregate.

48
Q

(3) Significance of events at Little Rock

A

The first black student graduated from Little Rock High School in 1958, but fellow white students refused to sit with him at the ceremony

49
Q

(4) Significance of events at Little Rock

A

Even 10 years later, black students attending newly integrated Southern schools were subjected to violence, intimidation and exclusion by teachers and peers

50
Q

What did Parks’ decision spark?

A

A mass boycott of the buses by those campaigning for civil rights

51
Q

What were the long-term causes of the boycott?

A
  • The Woman’s Political Council in Montgomery had focused on bus discrimination since 1950
  • The Montgomery bus company discriminated against black passengers by forcing them to sit at the back of buses and vacate their seats for white people
  • Requests to bus company to cause their rules were not listened to
52
Q

What were the short-term causes?

A
  • On 1 December 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the ‘black’ area of the bus to white man who had no seat
  • Police arrested and charged Parks under Montgomery’s segregation laws
53
Q
A
54
Q

What happened on 5 Dec 1955?

A

Civil rights activists in Montgomery met to discuss a boycott of the city buses. They formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and elected MLK as their chairman

55
Q

What happened on 8 December 1955?

A

The MIA met bus company offcials, who refused to change the segregation on their buses. The MIA decided to continue the boycott until they won. They decided that no black Americans would use the bus service until the situation changed.

56
Q

What did the MIA hold meetings for?

A

To plan car sharing with church groups and other organisations

57
Q

When did the car pools begin?

A

12 December and grew to involve over 300 cars

58
Q

What else did the MIA negotiate?

A

Reduced cab fares with black drivers to enable boycotters to travel by taxi for the price of a standard bus fare

59
Q

What happened as the boycott continued?

A

Opposition grew

60
Q

What happened on 30 January 1956 and how did MLK respond to it?

A

MLK’s home was bombed - he responded by calling for peaceful protest and no retaliation

61
Q

What did violence in response to the peaceful protest cause?

A

Increased media coverage of the boycott; media reports were largely sympathetic to the civil rights campaigners

62
Q

What emerged as a clear and effective campaigning approach?

A

Non-violent direct action

63
Q

(1) Significance of Rosa Parks

A

She was a married, middle-aged woman. It was difficult to criticise her for bad behaviour or not being respectable

64
Q

(2) Significance of Rosa Parks

A

She understood the principles of non-violent direct action

65
Q

(3) Significance of Rosa Parks

A

She had already been involved in campaigns for black voter registration

66
Q

(4) Significance of Rosa Parks

A

She was secretary of the Montgomery NAACP

67
Q

How was the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott important to the civil rights movement?

A

It paved the way for further campaigns against segregation

68
Q

What did the boycott bring MLK to?

A

The forefront of the civil rights movement and proved that non-violent direct action could work

69
Q

How was the boycott well organised?

A
  • Existing civil rights groups meant the structure was already in place to get the campaign up and running
  • The MIA coordinated the campaign effectively
70
Q

How was the boycott committed to success?

A
  • The boycott continued despite the threats the boycotters received
  • Some were told they would be fired from jobs and some were physically attacked; however, they were prepared to continue
71
Q

How was the boycott well publicised?

A
  • The campaign was publicised through church meetings and local newspapers
  • This helped supporters get organised and communicate with each other, to lend support
72
Q

How did the bus company lead to the boycott’s success?

A

It was hurt financially, as the vast majority of its customers were black Americans, so it lost a lot of money running empty buses

73
Q

What happened on 1 Feb 1956?

A

The NAACP brought a case to desegregate Montgomery buses, filing Browder v. Gayle, against bus segregation in Montgomery

74
Q

What did the NAACP argue in BvG?

A

It was against the 14th Amendment because of the guarantee to equal protection

75
Q

What did the Supreme Court order on 5 June?

A

That segregation on buses was unconstitional: buses should be desegregated and gave the Brown decision as their reason, as it had set the precedent that segregation was unconstitional

76
Q

What did the bus company try to do in response to th Supreme Court?

A

Appeal, but it was rejected on 17 December

77
Q

What happened on 20 December?

A

The MIA finally called off the boycott.

78
Q

What began on 20 Dec?

A

Racially integrated bus services

79
Q

(1) Significance of MLK’s leadership

A

He was a pastor, he emphasised Christian values of love and humility

80
Q

(2) Significance of MLK’s leadership

A

He always advocated a non-violent approach

81
Q

(3) Significance of MLK’s leadership

A

He made many powerful speeches that had a huge impact on his audiences

82
Q

(4) Significance of MLK’s leadership

A

He tried to appeal to all Americans regardless of race - he appealed to people’s shared humanity

83
Q

(5) Significance of MLK’s leadership

A

He played an important part in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, helping to boost morale and raise funds for the MIA

84
Q

(6) Significance of MLK’s leadership

A

He was arrested in 1956 for his part in organising the boycott

85
Q

(7) Significance of MLK’s leadership

A

Jo Ann Gibson Richardson (civil rights activist), E.D. Nixon (civil rights campaigner and union organiser) and Ralph Abernathy (leader of the SCLC) were King’s fellow campaign leaders

86
Q

When and why was the SCLC set up?

A

Jan 1957, to coordinate church-based protest across the South

87
Q

What was involved in the SCLC?

A
  • Members campaigned against segregation
  • They used non-violent direct action
  • They secured black and white membership
    The earliest major campaign was for voter registration
88
Q

What did the Brown case and the bus boycott lead to?

A

Increased public support for civil rights and a civil rights act being passed in Congress

89
Q

What did the 1957 Civil Rights Act aim to do?

A

Increase black voter registration, make it illegal to obstruct voter registration and allow federal courts to prosecute states that did not guarantee citizen’s voting rights

90
Q

What went wrong with the 1957 Civil Rights Act?

A

In practice, all-white juries in the South were unlikely to uphold federal prosecutions of state violations of voting rights

GCSE History Mocks (5 decks)

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