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Physiology > The control mechanisms > Flashcards

The control mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two control mechanisms?

A

Neural and hormonal

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2
Q

What does the neural include?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

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3
Q

What does the hormonal include?

A

Gastrin, CCK, Peptide YY, Secretin, Somatostatin, Ghrelin, Neuropeptide Y

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4
Q

What’s the full name of CCK?

A

Cholecystokinin

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5
Q

What does the intrinsic consist of?

A

Of the Enteric Nervous System

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6
Q

What does the Extrinsic consist of?

A

Sympathetic an parasympathetic

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7
Q

We consider the ENS what?

A

The local nervous system.

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8
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

Between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscle in the tunica muscularis

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9
Q

Myenteric plexus exerts control over what?

A

Over the motility of the digestive tract.

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10
Q

Where is the submucous plexus located?

A

It is buried in the submucosa.

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11
Q

What are the roles of sub mucous plexus?

A

It senses the environment within the lumen, regulates the gastrointestinal blood flow and controls epithelial cell function.

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12
Q

Where is the non-ganglionate plexus located?

A

Beneath the serosa, within the circular smooth muscle and in the mucosa.

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

Sensory, motor and interneurons

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14
Q

Where do sensory neurone receive information from?

A

From the sensory receptors in the mucosa and muscle.

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15
Q

To what do sensory receptors in the mucosa respond to?

A

They respond to mechanical, thermal, osmotic and chemical stimuli.

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16
Q

To what are the chemoreceptors in the mucosa sensitive to?

A

To acids, glucose and amino acids.

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17
Q

The sensory receptors in the muscles respond to?

A

Stretching and tension

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18
Q

The sensory neuron’s gather info on what?

A

On gut contents and the state of the gastrointestinal wall.

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19
Q

What do the motor neuron’s control?

A

They control the gastrointestinal motility, secretion and absorption.

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20
Q

On what cells do they act directly ?

A

On the effector cells, smooth muscle, secretory cells and gastrointestinal endocrine cells.

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21
Q

What are the types of secretory cells?

A

Chief, parietal, mucous, enterocytes, pancreatic exocrine cells

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22
Q

What are the interneurons responsible for?

A

They gather the info from sensory and provide it to the enteric motor neurons

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23
Q

What does the SYMPATHETIC stimulation cause?

A

It causes the INHIBITION of the gastrointestinal secretion and motor activity

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24
Q

What else does the sympathetic system inhibit

A

The contraction of gastrointestinal sphincters and blood vessels.

25
Q

What 4 things control the gastric motility?

A

The vagovagal reflex, myenteric plexus, parasympathetic and sympathetic

26
Q

What does the parasympathetic system stimuli?

A

It stimulates the digestive activities (gastrointestinal secretion, motor activity, contractions of gastrointestinal sphincter and blood vessels.

27
Q

what are each of their roles, respectively?

A

Fundal relaxation
Slow waves - contractions
increased contraction force and frequency
decreased contraction force and frequency

28
Q

Whose cells secret GASTRIN?

A

Cells in the stomach and duodenum

29
Q

What cells does gastrin stimulate?

A

Gastrin stimulates the exocrine cells of the stomach.

30
Q

Gastrin stimulates the exocrine cells of the stomach to do what?

A

To secrete HCl and (proteolytic enzyme) pepsin.

31
Q

What are proteolytic enzymes?

A

Enzymes that break down proteins

32
Q

Who secrets SECRETIN?

A

Cells in the duodenum.

33
Q

When do cells in the duodenum secret SECRETIN?

A

When they (cells) are exposed to the acidic contents of the stomach

34
Q

SECRETIN will stimulate which portion of the pancreas ? To do what?

A

The exocrine portion, to release BICARBONATE into the PANCREATIC FLUID

35
Q

Why is it important that the BICARBONATE is released into the pancreatic fluid ?

A

Because it will NEUTRALIZE the acidity of the stomach contents .

36
Q

Who secrets Cholecystokinin? and when?

A

Cells in the duodenum, when they are exposed to food

37
Q

How does the CCK act on the gall bladder ?

A

It forces it to release its contents of BILE into the intestine.

38
Q

How does the CCK act on the PANCREAS?

A

It stimulates it to release the PANCREATIC DIGESTIVE ENZYMES into the PANCREATIC FLUID

39
Q

How does the CCK act on neurons?

A

It sends a satiety signal back to the brain (medulla oblongata) saying “that’s enough food for now”

40
Q

On what 3 parts of the body does SOMATOSTATIN act?

A

It acts on the stomach, duodenum and the pancreas.

41
Q

How does the SOMATOSTATIN act on the STOMACH?

A

It inhibits the release of GASTRIN

42
Q

How does the SOMATOSTATIN act on the DUODENUM?

A

It inhibits the release of CCK and SECRETIN

43
Q

How does the SOMATOSTATIN act on the PANCREAS?

A

It inhibits the release of GLUCAGON.

44
Q

To what do all of these actions by SOMATOSTATIN lead to?

A

Reduces the speed at which nutrients are absorbed.

45
Q

Who secrets SOMATOSTATIN?

A

The HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE PANCREAS

46
Q

Who secretes the NPY (Neuropeptide Y)

A

The neurons in the hypothalamus

47
Q

What is Neuropeptide Y?

A

It is a potent feeding stimulant.

48
Q

What is NYP’s purpose?

A

It causes the ingested food to be stored as FAT and it blocks the transmission of PAIN SIGNALS to the brain

49
Q

How is the PYY3-36 similar to the NPY?

A

Its amino acids are in the same position as those in NYP

50
Q

What does the PYY3-36 do?

A

It is a POTENT FEEDING INHIBITOR. It reduces food intake

51
Q

Who releases PYY3-36?

A

The cells in the intestine after meals (the amount will increase as we consume more food, calories)

52
Q

How does the PYY3-36 act on the hypothalamus?

A

It suppresses appetite

53
Q

How does the PYY3-36 act on the pancreas?

A

The (exocrine) secretion of DIGESTIVE JUICES is increased

54
Q

Hoe does the PYY3-36 act on the gall bladder?

A

It stimulates the release of BILE

55
Q

How does GHRELIN act on the hypothalamus?

A

It stimulates feeding

55
Q

Who secrets GHRELIN?

A

The endocrine cells of the stomach, when we are hungry

56
Q

GHRELIN counteracts the works of which two hormones?

A

LEPTIN AND PYY3-36

57
Q

Which two hormones are responsible for the inhibition of feeding?

A

Leptin an PYY3-36

Physiology (2 decks)

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