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psyc 363 > The ear and sound > Flashcards

The ear and sound Flashcards

chapter 10

1
Q

physical definition of sound

A

pressure change
- mechanical waves

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2
Q

sound in water vs air

A
  • it travels faster in water (1500ms)
    water = 340 m/s
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3
Q

what are the physical properties of sound

A
  • Amplitude
  • frequency
  • timbre
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4
Q

Amplitude

A
  • relates to the loudness
  • measured in decibels
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5
Q

Frequency

A
  • relates to pitch
  • defined as the number of times per second that a pattern of pressure repeats (Hz)
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6
Q

Audibility curve

A

created by the fact that lower frequency sounds need higher amplitudes to be hear at the same rate as higher frequency sounds

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7
Q

frequency range of humans

A

20 Hz to 16 000 Hz

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8
Q

decibel

A

tells us how loud something is compared to the quietist sound we can hear
- each increase refers to a big jump in intensity
- logarithmic

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9
Q

what does it mean that decibels are logarithmic

A
  • relatively small changes in decibels can have large physical changes
  • a increase in 10 db is x10 louder and an increase by 20db is x100
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10
Q

waveform

A

describes the shape of the sound wave
- can be simple or complex

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11
Q

Timbre

A
  • difference in quality of sound that is not frequency or pitch
  • change in quality of sound
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12
Q

complex waves

A

sound waves are made up of different combinations of simple waves

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13
Q

fourier analysis

A

represents complex wave form as a breakdown/sum of multiple pure sine waves

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14
Q

harmonic spectrum

A

the waves that sound is made up of including the fundemental frequency and the rest of the overtones

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15
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the lowest/dominant frequency component of a complex periodic sound

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16
Q

what are the 3 sections of the ear

A
  1. outer ear
  2. middle ear
  3. inner ear
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17
Q

parts of the outer ear

A
  • pinna
  • auditory canal
  • tympanic membrane
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18
Q

pinna

A

funnels sound pressure waves into the canal and helps with localization of sound

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19
Q

auditory canal

A

tube that goes through the skull to the eardrum which carry the sound

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20
Q

tympanic membrane

A
  • eardrum
  • think sheet of skin at the end of the canal which vibrates to the middle ear
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21
Q

function of the middle ear

A

amplification and transmission

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22
Q

bones of the middle ear

A
  1. malleus/hammer
  2. incus/anvil
  3. stapes/stirrup
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23
Q

malleus

A
  • hammer
  • transmits vibration from tympanic membrane to incus
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24
Q

incus

A

anvil
- transmits vibrations from malleus to stapes

25
Q

stapes

A
  • stirrup
  • transmits vibrations to the oval window of the cochlea
26
Q

oval window

A

membrane covered opening at the base of the cochlea which transmits vibrations to it from the ossicles

27
Q

muscles of the middle ear

A
  1. tensor= attached to tympanic
  2. stapedius: attached to stapes
28
Q

attenuation reflex

A

the stapedius muscle contracts to protect hair cells from loud noise

29
Q

eustachian tube

A
  • tube that connect the ears and throat that equalizes pressure between inner and outer ear.
  • opens by swallowing or yawning
30
Q

function of the inner ear

A

signal transduction

31
Q

cochlea

A
  • where transduction occurs
  • spiral shaped compartment in the temporal bone
  • filled with chambers and membranes
32
Q

chambers of the cochlea

A
  1. vestibular canal
  2. cochlear duct
  3. tympanic canal
33
Q

vestibular canal

A

has the reissner’s membrane which separates the vestibular canal from the cochlear duct

34
Q

cochlear duct

A

contains the basilar membrane and the organ of corti
- filled with endolymph

35
Q

basilar membrane

A

a membrane along the middle and legtnh of the cochlea
- breaks down sound into different frequencies

36
Q

base of the basilar membrane

A

narrower, stiffer and thicker which vibrates with higher frequency

37
Q

apex of the basilar membrane

A

thinner, wider and more flexible to vibrate with low frequency

38
Q

organ of corti

A

sits on top of the basilar membrane in the cochlea and contains hair cells for transduction
- its where transduction happens

39
Q

structures in the organ of corti

A
  • inner hair cells
  • outer hair cells
  • tectorial membran
40
Q

inner hair cells

A
  • make up 5% of all auditory hair cells
  • innervated by type 1 nerves
  • rsponsible for transduction
41
Q

stereocilia

A

little hair like projections from hair cells
- they are connected by tip links
- stereo cilia move to make inner hair cells create APs

42
Q

how transduction happens in the cochlea

A

stereo cilia are connected by tip links so when they move from shearing force of the membranes, the tip links pull on eachother wich opens mechanically gated channels

43
Q

outer hair cells

A
  • 95% of audiotry hair cells
  • they also have stereo cilia and tip links but those dont send messages, they contact to amplify movement of basilar membrane
  • type 2 auditory afferent enurons
44
Q

function of outer hair cells

A

amplifies and sharpens response of basilar membrane to certain frequencies

45
Q

place code

A

representation of frequency based on the diplacment of the basilar mebrane at different locations

46
Q

tonotopic organization

A

frequency is maintained throughout the auditory system

47
Q

temporal code

A

frequency representation based on matching between the frequencies incoming and the rate of action potentials fired

48
Q

motile response

A

when the outr hair clls contract, amplifying and sharpening certain frequencies

49
Q

volley principle

A

explains how a temporal code could represent frequencies much higher than the maximun firing rate
- population of neurons that are responded to certain cycles but at the same place on in

50
Q

responding to intensity

A
  • higher intensity sounds touch a larger area of neurons which represent the louder sound
51
Q

audiometer

A

a tool used by audiologists to test hearing

52
Q

audiogram

A

graphical results of an audiometer test
- compare patients hearing to a standard

53
Q

types of hearing impairments

A
  1. conductive hearing impairments
  2. sensorineural
54
Q

conductive hearing impairements

A

hearing impaired as a result of problems in the middle or outer ear

55
Q

sensorineural impairements

A

hearing impairments caused by damage to the cochlea, the auditory nerve, or the auditory areas of the brain
- can be congenital or acquired

56
Q

presbycusis

A

age related hearing impairent caused by a plethora of things
- affects frequency of hearing first

57
Q

noise induced hearing impairments

A
  • hearing loss caused by long noise
  • can be due do basilar damage or stereocilia being torn out or tip link
  • hair cells can die
58
Q

tinnitus

A

persistent perception of sound such buzzing or ringing when there is not actually anything there

59
Q

cochlear implants

A

inserted electrodes into spiral of the cochlea to electrically stimulate neurons
- pitch is not perfect

psyc 363 (8 decks)

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