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[Y1] Anatomy and Physiology > The endocrine system > Flashcards

The endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what allows us to control the complex set of systems in the body?

A

endocrine system and nervous system

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2
Q

what are the 4 things the endocrine and nervous systems required for?

A

-effctive cell-cell communication
-monitor and coordinate of internal environment (homeostasis)
-regulate growth, development, reproduction, senescence
-enables you to respond and adapt to changes in external environment

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3
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A
  • Tightly regulated synthesis and secretion of diverse array of chemical messenger molecules called hormones
  • Hormones regulate numerous organ/tissue systems; control growth, metabolism, reproduction and play key role in homeostasis
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4
Q

what are the 2 things that the endocrine system is comprised of?

A
  • primary endocrine glands and the hormones they secrete
  • secondary endocrine tissues also secrete hormones
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5
Q

define hormone

A

A chemical messenger produced and secreted by a specialized endocrine gland that is transported in the bloodstream to a distant target organ/cell where it elicits a physiological response

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6
Q

what are the 3 main types of hormone?

A

proteins / peptides
cholesterol derivatives
modified amino acids

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7
Q

state an example of protein/peptide hormones and state whether it is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

growth hormone (all are hydrophilic)

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8
Q

state 2 examples of cholesterol derivative hormones and state whether it is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

steriods and vitamin D
(all are hydrophobic)

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9
Q

state 2 examples of modified amino acid hormones and state whether it is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

adrenaline (hydrophilic)
thuroid hormones (hydrophobic)

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10
Q

what do water soluble hormones bind to?

A

membrane-bound receptors

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11
Q

what do lipid soluble hormones bind to?

A

intracellular receptors

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12
Q

what 2 systems work together to maintain homeostasis?

A

endocrine and nervous systems

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13
Q

what is the primary link between the nervous and endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

what is the master endocrine gland?

A

pituitary gland

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15
Q

what are the 6 things that the pituitary gland regulate?

A

growth
development
mood
tissue function
metabolism
sexual function

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16
Q

what are the 2 distinct lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior and posterior

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17
Q

what are the 4 steps to hypothalamic regulation of anterior pituitary gland?

A

1) hypothalamatic neuron secrete hormones
2) releasing hormones stimulates pituitary hormone secretion
3) hormones diffuse into blood vessels
4) blood transports hormones to the target tissue

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18
Q

what are the 4 steps to hypothalamic regulation of posterior pituitary gland?

A

1) ?

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19
Q

what are 7 hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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20
Q

what are the 3 functions of growth hormone?

A
  • essential for growth and development
  • enhances protein synthesis, decreases glucose utilization, and promotes fat mobilization.
  • Many effects of GH mediated by IGF from liver
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21
Q

what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Essential for the growth and function of the adrenal cortex

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22
Q

what is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone?

A
  • One of the two gonadotropic hormones
  • Promotes growth of ovarian follicles in females
  • Promotes production of sperm in males
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23
Q

what is the fuinction of luteinizing hormone?

A
  • Second of the two gonadotropic hormones
  • Ovulation and development of corpus luteum (CL) in females (CL- forms after ovulation; it produces oestrogen and progesterone)
24
Q

what is the function of prolactin?

A
  • stimulates the development and growth of the mammary glands and milk production during pregnancy
25
Q

what is the function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone?

A

regulates skin pigmentation and promotes deposition of melanin in the skin after exposure to sunlight

26
Q

what are the 2 hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
27
Q

what is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

A
  • stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules.
  • Hyposecretion of this hormone can result in diabetes insipidus (excessive thirst & copious dilute urine).
28
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A
  • Stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth. A synthetic analogue of oxytocin can be used to induce childbirth
  • Also stimulates the mammary glands to release milk in response to suckling.
29
Q

what are the 3 hormones released from the thyroid gland?

A
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcitonin
30
Q

what is the function of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

regulates BMR (basal metabolic rate); also influences physical/mental development and growth

31
Q

where are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) produced?

A

Produced by thyroid follicles

32
Q

where is calcitonin produced?

A

parafollicular cells (outside thyroid follicles)

33
Q

what is the function of calcitonin?

A

Influences bone and calcium metabolism; regulates blood calcium levels

34
Q

what are the 4 steps to hormone regulation in the thyroid gland?

A

?

35
Q

what hormone does the parathyroid gland release?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

36
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

The two pairs of parathyroid glands are located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland.

37
Q

what hormone is released if calcium levels get too high?

A

calcitonin

38
Q

what hormone is released if calcium levels drop too low?

A

parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)

39
Q

what hormone is released from the beta cells in the pancreas?

A

insulin

40
Q

what hormone is released from the alpha cells in the pancreas?

A

glucagon

41
Q

what is the function of insulin?

A
  • Essential for the maintenance of normal blood sugar levels.
  • Stimulates glucose uptake by many tissues.
  • Inadequate levels result in diabetes mellitus.
42
Q

what is the function of glucagon?

A
  • Facilitates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
  • This raises blood sugar.
43
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

The triangular-shaped adrenal glands are located on the top of each kidney.

44
Q

what is the inside layer of the adrenal gland called?

A

The inside is called the medulla

45
Q

what is the outside layer of the adrenal gland called?

A

The outside layer is called the cortex.

46
Q

what are the 2 hormones released from the cortex called?

A
  • Cortisol
  • Aldosterone
47
Q

what is the function of cortisol?

A
  • Regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
  • Has an anti-inflammatory effect
  • Helps the body cope during times of stress
48
Q

what is the function of aldosterone?

A

promotes sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion

48
Q

what hormone is released from the medulla?

A

adrenaline (US= epinephrine)

49
Q

what is the function of adrenaline?

A
  • Raises systolic blood pressure
  • Heart rate and cardiac output
  • Speeds up the release of glucose from the liver… giving a spurt of energy
  • Dilates the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways;
  • Together with noradrenaline promotes “Fight or flight” response
50
Q

what are the 2 hormones released from the overies?

A
  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
51
Q

what is the function of oestrogen and progesterone?

A
  • prepare the uterus for pregnancy,
  • promote the development of mammary glands,
  • play a role in sex drive,
  • Promote development of secondary sexual characteristics
  • Regulate LH and FSH secretion
52
Q

what hormone is produced in the testes?

A

testosterone

53
Q

what is the function of testosterone?

A
  • Essential for normal growth, development and function of the male genitalia.
  • Promotes muscle development, male pattern hair growth
  • Promotes libido
  • Regulates LH and FSH secretion (-ve feedback)
54
Q

name 6 examples of secondary glands/tissues

A
  • placenta
  • GI tract
  • adipose tissue
  • kidney
  • thymus
  • pineal
55
Q
A

[Y1] Anatomy and Physiology (23 decks)

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