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Physiology II Exam 3 > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different classes of Hormones?

A
  1. Protein/Polypeptide
  2. Steroids
  3. Amine (Tyrosine)
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2
Q

Characteristics of Protein/Polypeptide hormones

Size

A
  • Protein -> less than 100aa

- Poly -> greater than 100aa

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3
Q

Characteristics of Protein/Polypeptide Hormones

Storage and Synthesis

A
  • Stored in Secretory Vesicles until needed

- Usually synthesized as PRE-Hormones

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4
Q

Characteristics of Protein/Polypeptide Hormones

Release

A
  • Released by EXOCYTOSIS
  • Mediated by calcium
  • Some may involve cAMP
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5
Q

Examples of Protein Hormones

A
  1. Insulin
  2. TSH
  3. FSH
  4. Growth Hormone
  5. Prolactin
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6
Q

Characteristics of Steroid hormones

  • Synthesis
  • Solubility
  • Structure
A
  • Usually synthesized from CHOLESTEROL
  • Lipid soluble (readily diffuses)
  • Consists of 3 hex and one pent ring
  • Large quantities of cholesterol esters are stored rather than hormones themselves*
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7
Q

Examples of Steroid hormones

A
  1. Cortisol
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Testosterone
  4. Estradiol
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8
Q

Characteristics of Amine hormones

A
  • Derived from Tyrosine
  • Include Thyroid and Medullary Hormones
  • Formed by GLANDULAR cells
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9
Q

Examples of Amine Hormones

A
  1. Epinephrine
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Thyroxine
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10
Q

Where are catecholamines formed?

A

In the adrenal MEDULLA

  • Stored in Vesicles until needed
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11
Q

Locations of Hormone receptors

A
  1. In/on the surface of cell membrane
  2. In the cell cytoplasm
  3. In the cell nucleus
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12
Q

Down regulation of receptors

A
  • DECREASES the target tissues responsiveness to Hormones

- # of active receptors may decrease b/s of increased [ ] and increased binding to receptors

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13
Q

Dow Regulation may occur as a result of what?

A
  1. Inactivation of signaling molec
  2. Temporary sequestration of the receptor
  3. Destruction of receptors
  4. Decreased production of receptors
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14
Q

Up regulation of receptors

A

INCREASES the target tissue’s responsiveness to the hormones

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15
Q

Up regulation may occur as a result of what?

A
  1. Stimulating hormone may produce more receptor formation

2. May induce a greater availability of the receptor for interaction

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16
Q

Types of hormone receptors

A
  1. Ion channel
  2. G-Protein
  3. IC Hormone
  4. Enzyme linked
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17
Q

Characteristics of Ion channel receptors

A
  • Used by NT
  • Found in Post-Synaptic membrane
  • Binding leads to conformation change
  • Sodium, Calcium, Potassium ions open
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18
Q

Characteristics of G protein coupled receptors

A
  • Coupled with groups of cell membrane proteins
  • 7 TM segments
  • Some are INHIBITORY and some STIMULATORY
19
Q

Characteristics of IC hormones

A
  • For LIPID soluble hormones
    (Adrenal, thyroid, Vitamin D)
  • Activated hormone receptor bind to promoter sequence
20
Q

Examples of signal transduction mechanisms

A
  1. Adenyl Cyclase
  2. Cell membrane phospholipid 2nd messenger
  3. Ca2+ calmodulin 2nd messenger
  4. Acting directly on DNA
21
Q

Adenyl Cyclase - cAMP 2nd messenger mechanism

A
  • Binding allows coupling of receptor to G protein
  • Catalyzes ATP -> cAMP
  • cAMP activates cAMP dependent kinase
  • This system activates a cascade of enzymes
22
Q

Role of GI proteins

A

Reduce the formation of ATP

23
Q

Cell membrane Phospholipid 2nd messenger mechanism

A
  • Hormones activate TM receptors that activate PHOSPHOLIPASE C
  • Catalyzes break down of PL in the cell membrane
  • PIP2 —> DAG + IP3
    (Ca2+ from Mitochondria to ER)
24
Q

Role of DAG

A

Activates Protein Kinase C

25
Q

DAG is a component of what?

A

Arachidonic Acid

26
Q

Calcium-Calmodulin PL 2nd Messenger system

Ca2+ Entry

A
  • Initiated by changes in membrane potential that open Ca2+ channels
27
Q

What happens when Ca2+ binds to calmodulin?

A

Initiates multiple effects

  • Activation of Protein Kinase
  • Inhibition of Protein Kinase
28
Q

Mechanism of STEROID hormones acting on DNA

A
  • Diffuse across CM
  • Binds w/ receptor proteins in cytoplasm
  • Diffuse into nucleus
  • Binds to DNA
  • This system takes a longer time than membrane mediated signaling *
29
Q

Mechanism of THYROID hormones acting on DNA

A
  • Binds DIRECTLY with receptors in Nucleus
  • Activates genetic mechanisms for many proteins
  • Once thyroid hormones are bound to DNA, remain bound for DAYS to WEEKS
30
Q

Example of Positive Feedback

A

LH surge prior to Ovulation

31
Q

Feedback regulation of hormones can occur at what levels?

A

All levels

  • Gene transcription
  • Gene translation
  • Processing of hormones
  • Releasing of Stored hormones
32
Q

The Hypothalamus controls the Ant. Pituitary via what?

A

Hormones called Hypothalamic releasing and Inhibitory Hormones (Factors)

  • Conducted via Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal portal system
33
Q

Another name for the Posterior Pituitary

A

Neuro-Hypophysis

34
Q

Where are Magnocellular Neurons located?

A

In the Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei

35
Q

Hormones formed in the Posterior Pituitary

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

36
Q

Another name for Anterior Pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis

37
Q

5 cell types of Ant. Pituitary

A
  1. Somatotropes (HGF)
  2. Corticotropes (ACTH)
  3. Thyrotropes (TSH)
  4. Gonadotropes (LH and FSH)
  5. Lactotropes
    (Prolactin)

ST. CoGoL

38
Q

Role of Growth hormone

A
  • Increases the deposition of protein by cartilage and bone cells
  • Increases the rate of production in Cartilage and Bone cells
  • Converts chondrocytes in to Osteogenic cells
  • Strongly stimulates osteoblasts
39
Q

Growth Hormone on Fatty acid mobilization

A
  • Causes the release of fatty acids from ADIPOSE tissue

- Enhances conversion of FA to ACoA

40
Q

Growth Hormone on Glucose Utilization

A
  • Decrese uptake into Sk. Muscle and fat
  • Increase glucose production by liver
  • Increase Insulin secretion
  • Can e Diabetogenic
41
Q

Most important GH?

A

Somato-Medin C

  • IGF-1
42
Q

Factors that stimulate secretion of GH

A
  1. Starvation
  2. Hypoglycemia
  3. Exercise
  4. Excitement
  5. Trauma
  6. Deep sleep
43
Q

Characteristics of Gigantism

A
  • Occurs during childhood

- Adenoma of the pituitary

44
Q

Characteristics of Laron Syndrome

A
  • GHR mutation

- Lack IGF1 but they are not susceptible to diabetes, cancer or fatty liver

Physiology II Exam 3 (3 decks)

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