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SUGER > The Glomerulus > Flashcards

The Glomerulus Flashcards

1
Q

3 Functions of the kidneys

A 
Maintain balance of salt, water and pH
Endocrine function (secreting hormones)
Excrete waste products
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2
Q

Each kidney receives what percentage of the cardiac output

A

10%

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3
Q

What is the arterial renal blood supply starting from the renal artery

A 
Renal artery
Interlobar artery 
Arcuate artery 
Interlobular artery 
Afferent arterial 
Glomerular/peritubular capillary
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4
Q

What is the importance of the peritubular capillary

A

Many of the tubular processes of secretion and reabsorption are active
Blood supply is crucial for providing this energy/oxygen

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5
Q

What 3 things occur between the glomerular capillaries and bowmans capsule

A

Glomerular filtration
Tubular secretion
Tubular reabsorption

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6
Q

How is the filtrate formed

A

Fluid passes from the blood into bowman’s space

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7
Q

What part of the nephron is responsible for secretion and reabsorption

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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8
Q

What determines an substances ability to cross the filtration barrier

A 
Pressure
Size 
Charge
Rate of blood flow 
Binding to plasma proteins
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9
Q

Why can’t negatively charged anions cross the glomerular basement membrane

A

The glomerular basement membrane has a fixed negative charge

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10
Q

What protein is found in urine that is produced by tubules

A

Tamm horsfall protein.

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11
Q

How does a) hydrostatic p and b) osmotic p change across length of the capillary

A

a) constant

b) rises

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12
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Filtration volume per unit time (minutes)

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13
Q

What is the filtration coefficient

A

Product of the permeability of the filtration barrier and the SA available for filtration

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14
Q

How is GFR calculated

A

GFR = Kf (HPgc - HPbs - 🥧GC

Filtration coefficient
🥧- oncotic pressure

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15
Q

Can you alter the net ultrafiltration pressure

A

Permeability and oncotic pressure can’t be altered

But there’s potential to alter HP or SA

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16
Q

What are 2 ways the GFR is decreased

A

Constriction of the afferent arteriole which decreases the pressure in the glomerular capillary
Or
Dilation of the efferent arteriole which decreased pGC

17
Q

What are 2 things that increase the GFR

A

Constriction of the efferent arteriole which increase pGC
or
Dilation of the afferent arteriole which increases pGC

18
Q

How is systemic arterial pressure auto regulated

A

Pressure within afferent arterioles rises which stretches the vessel wall
This triggers a contraction of smooth muscle so the arteriole constricts
This prevents an increase in systemic arterial pressure from reaching the capillaries

Reverse happens when systemic arterial pressure falls

19
Q

What detects NaCl arrival in the distal tubule

A

Macula densa

20
Q

How is the GFR of individual nephrons regulated

A

Rate at which filtered fluid reaches the distal tubule

21
Q

What happens in response to reduced NaCl delivery

A

Macular densa cells release prostaglandins
This acts on granular cells triggering renin release
This activated the renin-angiotensin system

22
Q

How is GFR measured. Give an equation relating to M

A

M is a marker substance
GFR = Um x urine flow rate / Pm
Um - [M] in urine
Pm - [M] in plasma

23
Q

What is used to estimate GFR clinically

A

Creatinine - muscle metabolite

24
Q

Give the equation for filtration fraction

A

FF = GFR / renal plasma flow

25
Q

What is renal clearance

A

The volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance by the kidney per unit time

26
Q

How does the composition of glomerular filtrate compare with that of plasma

A

Similar to plasma but no proteins or cells

27
Q

What is the average GFR

A

120/125 ml/min

28
Q

Give a value for filtration fraction

A

0.2

SUGER (13 decks)

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