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the Heart > the heart > Flashcards

the heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the systemic circuit

A

circuit for the entire body

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2
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit

A

Circuit between the heart and lungs

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3
Q

What is the coronary circuit

A

circuit within the heart muscle itself

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4
Q

Pericardium

A

triple layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart

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5
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

outer layer though inelastic bag that holds heart in place

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6
Q

serous pericardium

A

inner layer delicate membrane forms a double layer around the heart (contains the parietal and visceral layer)

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7
Q

parietal layer

A

fused to the fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

visceral layer

A

aka the epicardium; adheres tightly to the surface of the heart

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9
Q

pericardial cavity

A

space in between parietal and visceral layers contains pericardial fluid to reduce friction

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10
Q

epicardium

A

external layer

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11
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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12
Q

endocardium

A

thin layer that provides a smooth lining for the inside of the heart

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13
Q

auricles

A

increase size of atria and holds greater volumes of blood

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14
Q

coronary sulcus

A

external groove separating the atria and ventricles

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15
Q

interventricular sulci

A

external grooves separating right and left ventricles

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16
Q

interatrial septum

A

internal wall that separates the atria

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17
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

oval depression that closes at birth when baby takes first breath

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18
Q

interventricular septum

A

internal wall that separates the ventricles

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19
Q

skeleton of heart

A

area around all valves that is surrounded by rings of dense fibrous connective tissue

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20
Q

prolapse

A

backflow of blood

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21
Q

atrioventricular valves (AV)

A

lie between the atria and ventricles

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22
Q

semilunar valves

A

located at origin of arteries that leave the heart

  • allow ejection of blood and prevent backflow
  • consist of 3 half-moon cusps attached to the artery wall at its convex outer margin projecting into the opening of the blood vessel
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23
Q

try putting bacon aside

A

tricuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar
bicuspid
aortic semilunar

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24
Q

prolapse of the tricuspid valve allows blood to flow into which chamber

A

right atrium

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25
Q

right side failure affects what area of the body?

A

the legs (edema)

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26
Q

Left side failure affects what area of the body?

A

lungs (fluid in lungs)

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27
Q

what does the great cardiac vein do

A

drains anterior portion of heart

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28
Q

what does the middle cardiac vein do

A

drains posterior portion of heart

29
Q

what two veins for the coronary sinus

A

the great cardiac and the middle cardiac vein

30
Q

where does the coronary sinus (v) empty into?

A

Right atrium

31
Q

when does blood flow in the body peak

A

during ventricular contraction

32
Q

when is blood flow the poorest

A

in the heart during ventricular contraction

33
Q

when does blood flow peak in the heart?

A

during ventricular relaxation

34
Q

angina pectoris

A

severe chest pain accompanying reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

35
Q

ischemia

A

reduced blood flow to tissue

36
Q

hypoxia

A

reduced oxygen supply

37
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack; death of an area of the myocardium due to an interruption of the blood supply

38
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating

39
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult breathing

40
Q

autorhythmic

A

self-excitable (1% of heart cells)

41
Q

action potential

A

sequence of electrical changes that occur when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a threshold stimulus

42
Q

pacemaker

A

sets the rhythm for the entire heart

43
Q

conduction system

A

route for conduction of action potentials thoughout the entire heart muscle

44
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA)

A

pacemaker of the heart; located in the right atrial wall slightly inferior to the superior vena cava

45
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV)

A

located in the septum betweeen the atria

46
Q

Atrioventricular bundle (AV)

A

bundle of His; electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles
–right and left bundle branches travel through the interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart

47
Q

conduction myofibers (Purkinje)

A

rapidly conduct the action potential to the apex of the heart (ventricular myocardium) and then upward to the remainder of the myocardium

48
Q

ectopic focus

A

a site other than the SA node acting as pacemaker (may produce extra beats or take over the pace of the heart)

49
Q

examples of ectopic focus

A

hypoxia, caffeine, nicotine, electrolyte imbalances

50
Q

functional syncytium

A

when the entire network responds in an all or nothing manner (when impulses go through the heart)

51
Q

what is the refractory period

A

time when a muscle contraction can not be triggered

52
Q

ECG

A

electrocardiogram (recording of the electrical changes of the heart)

53
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization–spread of impulse from SA node over atria

54
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization> spread of impulse through ventricles

55
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

56
Q

P-Q interval

A

represents conduction time from beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation (when the SA node impulse travels through AV node)

57
Q

S-T segment

A

represents time when ventricular contractile fibers are fully depolarized, during the plateau phase of the impulse

58
Q

What does it mean if there is a large P wave

A

could be an enlargement of the atrium

59
Q

what does it mean when there is an enlarged Q wave

A

could be myocardial infarction

60
Q

What does it mean to have an enlarged R wave?

A

enlarged ventricles

61
Q

What does it mean to have a flattened T wave

A

insufficient O2 to the myocardium

62
Q

What does it mean when the P-Q interval is lengthened?

A

coronary artery disease

63
Q

What does it mean if there is an elevation in the S-T segment

A

myocardial infarction (depressed insufficient O2

64
Q

lengthened Q-T interval

A

ischemia or damage

65
Q

what are cardiac arrhythmias

A

marked changes in rate or rhythm of the heart

66
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally fast beat; over 100 beats/minute

67
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow beat; under 60 beats/minute

68
Q

flutter

A

chamber that is contracting regularly but very fast (250-350 beats/ minute)

69
Q

fibrillation

A

uncoordinated; small regions of the myocardium contract and relax independently of the rest of the heart; the myocardium fails to contract as a whole; ineffective

the Heart (1 decks)

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