the holy roman empire

Question 1

after the carolingian empire, who leaded

Answer 1

counts
dukes
etc

-ruled own regions

Question 2

otto of saxony

Answer 2

-established himself king of Germany

Question 3

how did holy roman empire start

Answer 3

• otto of saxony went into Italy to help with political disturbances, protect the church etc.
• the second time there, pope john XII made him emperor

Question 4

why didn’t the holy roman empire ever turn into a hegemonic state

Answer 4

conflict with the papacy (popes)

-authority claims wit the emperors and the popes

Question 5

some conflicts with the papacy

Answer 5

-emperors sought to influence the selection of church officials
-emperors tried to extend authority to italy
which had had pope rule for a long time

Question 6

investiture Contest

Answer 6

11-12th centuries
-controversy over church officials appointment

• from the beginning, imperial authorities named church officials to their position
• Pope Gregory VII ended lay investiture ^
• Emperor Henry IV challenge him
• Pope excommunicated him
• his subjects (princes) revolted against him
• he asked for mercy from the pope and took control over the empire again

Question 7

lay investiture

Answer 7

where imperial authority name church officials

Question 8

ultimate result of the investiture contest

Answer 8

princes enhanced independence and diminished the emperor’s authority
(decentralization - going further from centralized holy rome empire)

Question 9

pope emperor clash in italy

Answer 9

Emperor Frederick Barbarossa wanted to absorb Lombardy (wealthy and urban) in N italy.

• b/c with Lombardy, he could have enough resources to control german princes and dominate europe
• bu the popes forced him to relinquish his rights on Lombardy

Question 10

result of the emperor/pope clash in italy

Answer 10

Frederick Barbarossa never made Holy Roman Empire into a powerful state