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Anatomy > The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure and shape of the body and it’s parts (and where they’re located)

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how the body works and functions

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Large structures, easily observable

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4
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Study of all body structures in a given body region

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5
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Study of all structures in a body system

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6
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Study of all structures as they relate to the overlying skin

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7
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Very small structures, can only be viewed with microscope

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8
Q

Cytology

A

(Microscopic Anatomy) study of individual cells

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9
Q

Histology

A

(Microscopic Anatomy) study of tissues

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10
Q

Levels of structural organization

A

Atoms (building blocks of matter), Molecules (combine to form organelles), Cell (smallest unit of life), Tissue (groups of cells having common function),
Organ (at least two groups of tissues working together to preform a specific function), Organ System (group of organs that work together to accomplish a specific purpose), Organism (total of all structures working together)

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11
Q

Integumentary System

A

External covering of the body, or the skin. It waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury. It also excretes salts and urea in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature. Temperature, pressure, and pain receptors located in the skin alert us to what is happening at the body surface.

Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors; and sweat and oil glands

Skin

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12
Q

Skeletal System

A

The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints. It supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement. It also has protective function (for example, the skull enclosed and protects the brain). Hematopoiesis, or formation of blood cells, goes on within the cavities of the skeleton. The hard substance of bones acts as a storehouse for minerals.

Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.

Cartilages, Joints, Bones

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13
Q

Muscular System

A

The muscles of the body have only one function- to contract, or shorten. When this happens, movement occurs. Hence, muscles can be viewed as the “machines” of the body. The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of skeletal muscles, the large, fleshy muscles attached to bones. When these contract, you are able to stand erect, walk, leap, grasp, throw a ball, or smile. These skeletal muscles form the muscular system. These muscles are distinctive from the muscles of the heart and of other hollow organs, which mine fluids (blood, urine) or other substances (such as food) along definite pathways within the body.

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat

Skeletal muscles

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14
Q

Nervous System

A

The nervous system is the body’s fast-acting control system. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. The body must be able to respond to irritants or stimuli coming from outside the body (such as light, sound, or changes in temperature) and from inside the body (such as decreases in oxygen or stretching of tissue). The sensory receptors detect these changes and send messages (via electoral signals called nerve impulses) to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) so that it is constantly informed about what is going on. The central nervous system then accesses this information and responds by activating the appropriate body effectors (muscles or glands).

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Brain, sensory receptor, spinal cord, nerves

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15
Q

Endocrine System

A

Controls the body’s activities, but it acts much more slowly. The endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.
The endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries (f), and testes (m). The endocrine glands are not connected anatomically in the same way that parts of the other organ systems are. What they have in common is that they all secrete hormones, which regulate other structures. The body functions controlled by hormones are many and varied, involving every cell in the body. Growth, reproduction , and food use by cells are all controlled (at least in part) by hormones.

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland (parathyroid glands on posterior aspect), thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis(m), ovary(f)

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16
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

The primary organs of the cardiovascular system are the heart and the blood vessels. Using blood as the transporting fluid, the cardiovascular system carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made. White blood cells and chemicals in the blood help to protect the body from such foreign invaders as bacteria, toxins, and tumor cells. The heart acts as the blood pump, propelling blood through the blood vessels to all body tissues.

Blood vessels which transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood.

Heart, blood vessels

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17
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Role of lymphatic system is complementary to that of the cardiovascular system. It’s organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils. The lymphatic vessels return fluid leaked from blood to the blood vessels so that blood can be kept continuously circulating through the body. The lymph nodes (and other lymphoid organs) help to
cleanse the blood and house the cells involved in immunity.

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it in the blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic steam; houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

Thoracic duct, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

Respiratory System

A

The job of the respiratory system is to keep the body constantly supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide. The respiratory system consists of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Within the lungs are tiny air sacs. It is through the thin walls of these air sacs that gas exchanges are made to and from the blood.

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lungs

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19
Q

Digestive System

A

Basically a tube running through the body from mouth to anus. The organs of the digestive system include the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. Their role is to beak down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells. The undigested food that remains in the tract leaves the body through the anus as feces. The breakdown activities that begin in the mouth are completed in the small intestine. From that point on, the mayor function of the digestive system is to reclaim water. The lives is considered to be a digestive organ because the bile it produces helps to break down fats. The pancreas, which delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine, also is functionally a digestive organ.

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to the body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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20
Q

Urinary System

A

The body produces wastes as by-products of its normal functions, and these wastes must be disposed of. One type of waste contains nitrogen (examples are urea and uric acid), which results from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids by the body cells. The urinary system removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine. This system, often called the excretory system, is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Other important functions of this system include maintaining the body’s water and salt (electrolyte) balance and regulating the acid-base balance of the blood.

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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21
Q

Reproductive System

A

Exists primarily to produce offspring. Sperm are produced by the testes of the male. Other male reproductive system structures are the scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the duct system, which carries sperm to the outside of the body. The ovary of the female produces the eggs, or ova; the female duct system consists of the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. The uterus provides the site for the development of the fetus (immature infant) once fertilization has occurred.

Overall function of the reproductive system is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and make sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, vas deferents, testis, scrotum

Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina

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22
Q

Necessary Life Functions

A

Maintain boundaries (outside and inside environment), movement- locomotion, movement of substances, responsiveness (irritability)-ability to sense changes and react, digestion-breakdown and delivery of nutrients, metabolism- chemical reactions within the body (production of energy and making body structures), excretion- elimination of waste from metabolic reactions, reproduction-production of future generation, growth- increasing of cell size and number

23
Q

Survival Needs

A

Nutrients-chemicals for energy and cell building, includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

Oxygen-required for chemical reactions

Water-60-80% of body weight, provides for metabolic reaction

Stable body temperature

Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

24
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment= a dynamic state of equilibrium

Must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance= a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

25
Q

Control mechanisms: the body communicates through neutral and hormonal control systems

Variable

Receptor

Control Center

Effector

A

V-regulated factor or event

R-responds to changes in the environment(stimuli), sends information to control center

CC-determines set point, analyzes information, determines appropriate response

E-structure that carries out the responde

26
Q

Negative Feedback (Feedback Mechanism)

A

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

Works like a household thermostat

Nervous system and endocrine systems involved

27
Q

Positive Feedback (Feedback Mechanisms)

A

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable father

In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

28
Q

Exact terms are used for

A

Position, direction, regions, structures

29
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body erect, palms face forward, thumbs point away from body

30
Q

Directional terms

A

Explain where one body part is in relation to another

31
Q

Two divisions of the body

A

Axial- head, neck and trunk (axis=center)

Appendicular-upper and lower limbs

32
Q

Body planes

A

Flat surfaces that lie at right angles to each other

33
Q

Saggital

A

Vertical plane, separates the body into right and left parts. Median or mid saggital lies along the body’s midline, parasaggital =off-center

34
Q

Frontal/ Coronal

A

A vertical plane separating the body into anterior and posterior parts

35
Q

Transverse/ Horizontal

A

Runs horizontally from right to left and divides the body into superior and inferior parts

36
Q

Sections are cuts made along specific planes

A

Transverse/Cross section- cut made along the transverse plane

Oblique- cut made at angles between the horizontal and vertical planes (diagonal)

37
Q

Body cavities

A

Spaces within the body that are closed to the outside and contain the internal organs

38
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

Houses the central nervous system (CNS) and has two subdivisions:

Cranial cavity- brain
Vertebral or spinal cavity- spinal cord

39
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Anterior and larger that than the dorsal cavity, houses body organs or viscera, two subdivisions

Thoracic(top part)- lungs, heart

Abdominopelvic (lower part)
a-pancreas, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
p-urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

40
Q

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavities divided by

A

Diaphragm

41
Q

Membranes of ventral body cavity

Serous membranes (serousa)
**membranes surround everything in the body**
A

Cover the inner walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surfaces of organs. They secrete and are separated by a thin layer of lubrication fluid called serous fluid, which allows organs to slide without friction.

Parietal Serosa- lines the body cavity walls and is named for the specific cavities it’s associated with

Visceral Serosa- covers the outer surfaces of organs and is named for the specific organs it’s associated with
visceral=organ

42
Q

Other body cavities

A 
Oral and digestive-tongue 
Nasal
Orbital-eyes
Middle ear
Joint(synovial)
43
Q

Superior/Cranial/Cephalid

A

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

44
Q

Inferior/Caudal

A

Away from the head end of toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

45
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

46
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

Toward or at the backside of the body; behind

47
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline of the body; in the inner side of

48
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the middling of the body; on the outer side of

49
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

50
Q

Proximal

A

Close to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment or a limb to the body trunk

51
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

52
Q

Superficial/ External

A

Toward or at the body surface

53
Q

Deep/Internal

A

Away from the body surface; move internal

Anatomy (2 decks)

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