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Human Anatomy > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Natural Killer (NK) cell?

A

A large granular lymphocyte that kills virus-infected cells.

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2
Q

What is a Neutrophil?

A

The predominant type of granulocyte in blood, also found at sites of acute inflammation.

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3
Q

What is a B-lymphocyte?

A

A cell that can be stimulated by antigen to differentiate into an antibody-secreting plasma cell.

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4
Q

What is an Eosinophil?

A

A granulocytic cell involved in killing some parasites, and in topic allergic reactions such as asthma.

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5
Q

What is a T-lymphocyte?

A

A cell that matures in the thymus and recognises peptide antigen bound to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells.

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6
Q

What is a Mast Cell?

A

A cell found in mucosal and connective tissues, with granules containing histamine.

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7
Q

What is a Macrophage?

A

A phagocytic cell widely distributed in tissues; mature form of blood monocyte.

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8
Q

What is a Basophil?

A

A granulocytic cell found in relatively low numbers in normal blood, with granules that stain with basic dyes and contain histamine.

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9
Q

Where are all immune cells created and matured? What are they produced from?

A

All immune cells are created and matured in primary lymphoid tissues where they are produced from haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.

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10
Q

What happens to an immune cell once it is mature?

A

Once mature, they leave the primary lymphoid tissues and enter the circulatory system.

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11
Q

Lymphocytes and some mononuclear phagocytes can re-circulate between non-lymphoid tissues and ________ ____1____ _______. This increases the likelihood they will be exposed to ____2____ picked up in tissues from all over the body.

A
  1. Secondary lymphoid tissues

2. Pathogens

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12
Q

What is another term for primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Central Lymphoid Organs.

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13
Q

What structures do the primary lymphoid tissues include?

A
  • Bone Marrow

- Thymus

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14
Q

Where is the site of origin of red blood cells and platelets?

A

Bone marow.

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15
Q

Name and describe the 2 types of bone marrow?

A

Red marrow - involved in haematopoiesis

Yellow marrow - made up of adipocytes

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16
Q

Describe the location of haematopoiesis at birth and adulthood.

A

At birth haematopoiesis takes place in all medullary cavities of bone, however as adulthood approaches, haematopoiesis is restricted to the axial skeleton and all other medullary cavities are left with only adipocytes.

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17
Q

Lymphocytes descend from a common lymphoid what?

A

Progenitor.

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18
Q

Where do B-cells develop?

A

B-cells develop and mature entirely in the red bone marrow.

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19
Q

Where do T-cells develop?

A

T-cells begin development in the red bone marrow but then go on for additional maturation in the thymus.

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20
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Located in the lower part of the neck, and deep to the sternum , slightly inferior to the larynx.

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21
Q

Describe how the size and function of the thymus changes throughout life?

A

Gradually enlarges through childhood, when it is most active, but after puberty it begins to reduce in size and function.

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22
Q

During maturation most developing T-cells die in the thymus as they fail to produce a _____ _____ that is useful to the immune system.

A

T-Cell Receptor.

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23
Q

“Pro T”-cells travel to the thymus and enter the ______.

A

Cortex.

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24
Q

What does positive T-cell selection select for?

A

Positive Selection selects for only those T-cells capable of recognising self MHC molecules + peptide.

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25
Q

Cortical epithelial cells present antigen to the T-Cells on MHC-I and MHC-II:
Unless the T-Cell recognises the ______ 1 _______ (i.e. MHC presenting protein), the T-Cell dies by apoptosis after __2__ days. 95% of all T-Cells which make it to the thymus fall to this fate.
If the T-Cell successfully recognises the MHC-protein complex, it receives “______ 3 ______” which prevent it entering apoptosis.
Surviving T-Cells advance to the ____4____ region.

A
  1. Protein-MHC complex
  2. 4
  3. Survival signals
  4. Medullary
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26
Q

What does negative T-cell selection select for?

A

Negative selection eliminates those T-cells which would recognise self-peptide and therefore be dangerous to the body.

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27
Q

Where does positive T-cell selection occur?

A

The cortex of the thymus.

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28
Q

Where does negative T-cell selection occur?

A

The medullary of the thymus.

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29
Q

In the medulla, ___1___ cells present self-antigen to the T-cells on MHC-I and MHC-II.
This time, those cells which recognise and bind antigen are given a “death signal” and they are told to undergo ___2___.
Those that do not bind after four days are deemed “useful” and leave the thymus, entering the _____ 3 _____.

A
  1. Dendritic
  2. Apoptosis
  3. Blood stream
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30
Q

In which sites are mature lymphocytes exposed to and stimulated by antigens?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues.

31
Q

What is another term for secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Peripheral Lymphoid Organs.

32
Q

What structures do the secondary lymphoid tissues include?

A
  • Lymph vessels
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
33
Q

True or false? Lymphoid migration to the secondary lymphoid tissues is highly specific.

A

True.

34
Q

Lymphocytes enter the secondary lymphoid tissues via what?

A

High Endothelial Venules (HEVs).

35
Q

High Endothelial Venules express specific adhesion molecules on their endothelium to which lymphocytes bind. Adhesion then leads to what?

A

The lymphocytes squeezing through the endothelium into the node.

36
Q

Fluid and cells carried by the lymphatic vessels are known collectively as what?

A

Lymph.

37
Q

What is the function of lymph vessels?

A

To drain tissue fluid from connective tissue.

38
Q

Where do lymph vessels empty?

A

Primarily via the thoracic duct to the subclavian vein.

39
Q

How is the undirectional flow of the lymphatic system achieved?

A

By valves.

40
Q

Describe the movement of antigens to the lymph nodes.

A

Antigen from pathogens and other foreign materials are drained from the site of infection (usually connective tissues) and carried to lymph nodes.

41
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

These are highly organised, bean-shaped structures at junctions between lymph vessels.

42
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

They are aggregated in particular sites around the body such as the neck and groins.

43
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Filter lymph from tissues.

44
Q

How are antigens removed from the lymph nodes and what happens to the antigens?

A

They are taken up by antigen presenting cells and presented to lymphocytes passing through the node.

45
Q

Afferent lymphatics enter the lymph node in the ___1___, pass through the ___2___ and exit via the efferent lymphatic in the ___3___.

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Paracortex
  3. Medulla
46
Q

High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) enter the lymph node in the what?

A

Paracortex.

47
Q

Where in the cortex of a lymph node are B-cells located?

A

In the Primary and Secondary Follicles of the cortex.

48
Q

Where in the lymph node are T-cells located?

A

The paracortex region.

49
Q

Antigens and cells enter the lymph node at the ___1___ lymphatics, pass through the node and exit via the ___2___ lymphatics.

A
  1. Afferent

2. Efferent

50
Q

Lymphocytes and some ___1___ enter the HEVs of lymph nodes at which point they are exposed to antigens. If the cell does not detect the ___2___ it is sensitive to then it leaves via the efferent lymphatics and later returns to the blood via the ____ 3 ____.

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Antigen
  3. Thoracic duct
51
Q

With regards to the ribs, where is the spleen located?

A

Associated posteriorly with the left ribs 9 to 11, though separated from them by the diaphragm. It rests on the left colic flexure.

52
Q

Name the two distinct components of the spleen and describe each one.

A

Red pulp - is a well perfused tissue responsible for the filtration role of the spleen, removing ageing and damaged red blood cells from the circulation.

White pulp - has many similarities to a lymph node. It is packed with T-cells, B-cells and dendritic cells and sifts antigen from the blood instead of the lymph.

53
Q

Where in the white pulp of the spleen are T-cells located?

A

T-Cells are located in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

54
Q

Where in the white pulp of the spleen are B-cells located?

A

B-Cells are located beyond the sheath in a corona around a germinal centre.

55
Q

Which epithelia are Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT) found under?

A
  • Respiratory tract
  • GI tract
  • Genitourinary tract
56
Q

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissues (GALT) are part of the overall MALT.
What does the GALT include?

A
  • Tonsils & Adenoids
  • Peyer’s Patches
  • Appendix
57
Q

Describe the location of the tonsils.

A

Tonsils are located at the back of the mouth, either side of the uvula. They have small ‘wrinkles’ called crypts which subdivide further inside the tonsil.

58
Q

Describe the location of the adenoids.

A

The adenoids are located high in the throat behind the nose and soft palate.

59
Q

The tonsils and the adenoids are similar in structure and function to what?

A

Lymph nodes.

60
Q

Describe the location of the Peyer’s Patches.

A

Located in the mucosa throughout the small intestine, particularly in the ileum.

61
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

Specialised lymphoid tissue for collecting antigen present in the GI tract.

62
Q

Describe the structure of Peyer’s Patches.

A

Comprise primary and secondary follicles located immediately beneath specialist epithelium known as follicular associated epithelium.
T-cell zones lie more deeply.

63
Q

What is the appendix thought to have a role in?

A

The immune system.

64
Q

True or false? The appendix does not have crypts.

A

False. The appendix does have crypts.

65
Q

True or false? Like the tonsils, the appendix is susceptible to infection.

A

True.

66
Q

Which immune cell?

  • Most predominant type of granulocyte in the blood.
  • Phagocytic cell.
  • Most numerous component of the innate immune response.
  • Also found at sites of acute inflammation.
A

Neutrophil.

67
Q

Which immune cell?

  • Granulocyte.
  • Thought to be important in defence again parasitic infections because their numbers increase during a parasitic infection.
  • Involved in atopic reactions such as asthma.
  • Granules are easily stained by eosin and other acidic dyes.
  • Granules contain basic proteins.
A

Eosinophil.

68
Q

Which immune cell?

  • Granulocyte found in relatively low numbers in normal blood.
  • Function is probably similar and complementary to that of eosinophils and mast cells.
  • Granules are stained by basic dyes and their for contain acidic proteins.
  • Granules also contain histamine, leukotrines, vasoactive mediators and platelet activating factor.
A

Basophil.

69
Q

Which immune cell?

  • Major phagocytic cell.
  • Critical part of innate immunity.
  • Widely distributed in all body tissues.
  • Shown right is a monocyte. This is a circulating cell which differentiates into a macrophage upon migration into the tissues.
A

Macrophage.

70
Q

Which immune cell?

Once activated, differentiates into an antibody secreting plasma cell as part of the specific immune response.

A

B-Cell.

71
Q

Which immune cell?
Thymus-matured lymphocytes.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) which kills virus infected cells.
Helper T-lymphocytes activate other cells such as B-cells and macrophages.

A

T-Cell.

72
Q

Which immune cell?
Large, granular lymphocyte, part of the innate immune response. Although lacking in antigen-specific receptors, they can detect and attack some virus-infected cells.

A

Natural Killer Cell.

73
Q

Which immune cell?

  • Found across many tissues, mainly near small blood vessels.
  • Upon activation, release substances that affect vascular permeability.
  • Granules contain histamine and heparin.
  • Best known for their role in allergy, also thought to play a part in protecting mucosal surfaces from pathogens.
A

Mast Cell.

Human Anatomy (7 decks)

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