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Biology > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

It is composed of defenses that are always active against infection but are unable to target specific invaders. Also called nonspecific immunity

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2
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

These are the defenses that target a specific pathogen. It is slower to act but does have the ability to remember certain pathogens in order to fight the disease faster next time. Also called specific immunity

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3
Q

What is the first line of defense of the innate immune system?

A

The skin

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4
Q

Describe how the skin protects us.

A

It acts as a physical barrier between us and the outside world. Antibacterial enzymes can be found on the skin along with sweat having antimicrobial properties.

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5
Q

What are the antibacterial enzymes found on the skin called?

A

Defensins

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6
Q

How does the respiratory tract act as a defense?

A

The mucous membrane and cilia that line the passages are able to trap matter and push it up to be swallowed or expelled

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7
Q

What is a lysozyme?

A

A nonspecific bacterial enzyme that is produced by mucous membranes around the eye and oral cavity. It is secreted in tears and saliva

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8
Q

How does the gastrointestinal tract help to fight pathogens?

A

The stomach acid eliminates most pathogens while the bacteria that live in the gut usually out compete any other pathogens for resources and eliminates them

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9
Q

What is the complement defense?

A

It’s the number of proteins in the blood that act as a nonspecific defense. The complement proteins punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable

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10
Q

Which two ways can complement be activated?

A
  1. Classical pathway- requires the binding of an antibody to a pathogen
  2. Alternative pathway- doesn’t require antibodies
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11
Q

What are interferons?

A

Proteins that prevent viral replication

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12
Q

How do interferons work?

A

They are produced by cells that have been infected and cause other cells around it to decrease production of viral and cellular proteins. It also decreases permeability of other cells to prevent a virus from infecting them

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13
Q

What are macrophages?

A

A type of agranulocyte that resides within tissues. They come from blood borne monocytes and become permanent tissue

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14
Q

What are the three types of macrophages?

A
  1. Microglia-central nervous system
  2. Langerhans- skin
  3. Osteoclasts-bone
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15
Q

Describe the process of macrophages

A
  1. Phagocytize the invader through endocytosis
  2. Digest the invader with enzymes
  3. Present little pieces of the invader on its surface using MHC
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16
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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17
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical substances that stimulate inflammation and recruit additional immune cells to the area. They are secreted by macrophages

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18
Q

What are the two types of MHC molecules?

A

MHC class I and MHC class II

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19
Q

Which cells have the MHC class I molecules?

A

All I cleared cells in the body

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20
Q

What is the key function of MHC I molecules?

A

They present proteins on the surface of the cell in order for the body to monitor the health of cells. An infected cell will present a non self protein.

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21
Q

MHC I is considered an _______ pathway because?

A

Endogenous, it binds antigens from inside the cell

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22
Q

What do MHC II molecules do?

A

They present antigens that we’re gathered from the environment

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23
Q

MHC II molecules is an _______ pathway because?

A

Exogenous pathway because the antigens that are presented originated outside the cell

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24
Q

What cells an MHC II molecules be found?

A

In professional antigen presenting cells, (macrophages, dendritic cells, some B-cells, and some activated epithelial cells

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25
Q

What are PPR’s?

A

Pattern recognition receptors- they recognize the category of the invader (bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) and allows for the production of appropriate cytokines to recruit the right immune cells

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26
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

They are nonspecific lymphocytes that are able to detect when a virus has down regulated MHC molecules and induces apoptosis of the infected cell

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27
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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28
Q

What is the most common granulocyte?

A

Neutrophil

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29
Q

True or false: neutrophils live long lives

A

False- only about five days

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30
Q

Describe the neutrophil.

A

It is phagocytic and can follow bacteria back to the source

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31
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The sensing of certain products given off by bacteria and allows for the migration of neutrophils back to the source of infection

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32
Q

Why do we have pus in our infections?

A

The pus is a direct formation of dead neutrophil collections

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33
Q

What granulocyte contains bright red-orange granules and are primarily involved in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infection?

A

Eosinophils

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34
Q

Once activated, eosinophils release what?

A

Histamine

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35
Q

What is the result of histamine being released?

A

Vasodilation and increase leakiness of the blood vessels which allows additional immune cells to move out of the bloodstream and into the tissues

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36
Q

Which granulocytes contain large purple granules and are involved in allergic responses?

A

Basophils

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37
Q

Which granulocyte is the least common?

A

Basophils

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38
Q

What is the difference between a basophil and mast cell?

A

The mast cells have smaller granules and exist in tissues, mucosa, and epithelium

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39
Q

What is the function of both mast cells and basophils?

A

They release large amounts of histamine in response to allergens which leads to the inflammatory response

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40
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

An immune defender that engulfs and consumes pathogens

41
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

This cell releases histamine and other chemicals to promote inflammation.

42
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Three types: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils which participate in the inflammatory response

43
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

They present antigens to adaptive immune cells, inducing the cells to attack bearers if the displayed antigens

44
Q

Summarize natural killer cells.

A

This cell destroys the body’s own cells that have become infected with pathogens, it also goes after cancer cells

45
Q

What is a B-cell?

A

Antigens stimulate this cell to divide and produce antibodies that neutralize invaders or tag them for killing

46
Q

What is a T-cell?

A

A killer T-cell destroys an infected cell in which it detects the presence of antigens. Other T-cells such as helper and regulatory types, coordinate the immune response

47
Q

What are two types of adaptive immunity?

A

The humoral immunity and the cell-mediated immunity

48
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system?

A

B-cells and T-cells

49
Q

All cells in the immune system are created where?

A

Bone marrow

50
Q

Where do B-cells and T-cells mature?

A

B-cells mature in bone marrow and T-cells mature in the thymus

51
Q

B-cells and T-cells are part of which immune response?

A

B-cells are humoral while T-cells are cell-mediated

52
Q

Humoral immunity involves the production of what?

A

Antibodies

53
Q

Antibodies are produced by what?

A

B-cells

54
Q

Where are B-cells activated?

A

The spleen and lymph nodes

55
Q

What is another name for immunoglobulins?

A

Antibodies

56
Q

What are the three main possibilities once an antibody attaches to an antigen?

A
  1. Once they are bound, antibodies can attract other leukocyte to phagocytize those antigens immediately
  2. Antibodies can cause pathogens to clump together, making it easier for them to be phagocytized
  3. Antibodies can block the ability of a pathogen to invade tissues
57
Q

Once an antigen binds to a B-cell….

A

It becomes activated which results in proliferation and formation of plasma and memory cells

58
Q

When an antigen binds to antibodies on the surface of a mast cell….

A

It causes degranulation which allows the release of histamine and the inflammatory response

59
Q

What makes up an antibody?

A

A Y shape that contains two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chains are identical to each other and the light chains are identical to each other

60
Q

Where is the antigen-binding region?

A

At the tips of the Y

61
Q

Why is this antigen binding region important?

A

Because antibodies are specific for specific peptide sequences that will bind only one antigenic sequence

62
Q

Once the antibody is activated…

A

It undergoes hypermutation to improve the specificity of the antibody

63
Q

Each B-cell produces _______ type of antibody

A

One

64
Q

What are the five types of antibodies?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgD
  3. IgG
  4. IgE
  5. IgA
65
Q

What is isotope switching?

A

When cells change which antibody they produce but only if they are stimulated by cytokines

66
Q

Why are there naiive B-cells?

A

Because producing antibodies is expensive for the body

67
Q

Once a B-cell is exposed to the correct antigen….

A

It will proliferate and produce two types of cells, plasma cells and memory cells. This is the primary response.

68
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

They produce large amounts of antibodies during that certain infection

69
Q

What are memory cells?

A

They stay in the lymph mode, waiting to be exposed to the same antigen and become activated to produce antibodies. This is the secondary response

70
Q

What is positive and negative selection?

A

While in the thymus, T-cells undergo positive and negative selection. Positive selection is maturing only cells that can recognize the MHC complex and negative selection is causing apoptosis in cells that are self-reactive.

71
Q

What is thymosin?

A

A peptide hormone secreted by thymus cells that mature T-cells

72
Q

What are the three types of T-cells?

A
  1. Helper T-cells
  2. Suppressor T-cells
  3. Killer T-cells
73
Q

What is the second name for helper T-cells?

A

CD4+ T-cells

74
Q

What do CD4+ T- cells do?

A

They secrete chemicals, lymphokines, which then recruit other immune cells to the infection and increase their activity

75
Q

CD4+ T-cells only respond to _________ molecules

A

MHC II

76
Q

What is another name for killer T-cells?

A

CD8+ T-cells

77
Q

What do CD8+ T-cells do?

A

They directly kill virally infected cells by injection toxic chemical that promote apoptosis

78
Q

CD8+ T-cells only respond to ________ molecules

A

MHC I

79
Q

What is unique to the suppressor T-cells?

A

They are CD4 but also contain a protein called foxp3

80
Q

What is the role of suppressor T-cells?

A

To tone down the immune response once the infection has been contained. They also prevent autoimmune diseases

81
Q

Do T-cells also produce memory T-cells?

A

Yes

82
Q

What are the five types of infectious pathogens?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Parasites
  5. Prions
83
Q

Which pathogen is there no immune response?

A

Prions

84
Q

What are self antigens?

A

Proteins and carbohydrates present in the surface of every cell of the body

85
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

When the immune system fails to make the distinction between self and foreign, it may attack cells expressing particular self-antigens

86
Q

What is a second problem that can occur with the immune system?

A

It can misidentifying a foreign antigen as dangerous when in fact it’s not

87
Q

What do glucocorticoids treat?

A

Autoimmune diseases

88
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When the immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen

89
Q

What is artificial exposure?

A

When a weakened or killed form of a microbe is injected into the body which the antigens will activate B-cells to produce antibodies

90
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

A direct transfer of antibodies to an individual

91
Q

What are examples of passive immunity?

A

Antibodies being transferred across the placenta or through breast feeding milk. They can also be intravenously given to someone

92
Q

The lymphatic system is a _______ system.

A

Circulatory

93
Q

What do lymphatic vessels carry?

A

Lymph

94
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Small, bean- shaped structures along the lymphatic vessels that provide a space for the cells of the immune system to be exposed to possible pathogens

95
Q

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Equalization of fluid distribution
  2. Transportation of biomolecules
  3. Immunity
96
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling due to fluid collecting in tissue

97
Q

What do TH I cells do?

A

Secrete interferon gamma, which then activates macrophages

98
Q

What do TH 2 cells do?

A

They activate B-cells

99
Q

Where does the lymphatic system connect with the circulatory system?

A

The thoracic duct

Biology (2 decks)

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