Nationalism Flashcards

Question

An example of EXTREME racialism?

Answer 1

nazis The belief that all members of each race posess characteritsics, abilities or qualities specific to that races especially so as to distinguish inferior or superior race or races and these ideas are rooted in the belief that humanity is not one single race but can be divided meaningfully into seprate races with different traits being ascribed to different races leading to racial hierarchy racialist theories then usually advocate racial segregations to avoid polluting the blood stock of the races Nazi germany -HS chamberlain hitler came to view of the princple struggle between the jews and ayran race for hitler the world was divided into 3 groups founders( responsible for all creativity in the world), bearers (were able to appreciate the greatness of the founders) and destroyers of culture (were pitted in an unending battle with the founders of culture and responsible for all the evil in socitey )

Answer 2

a sense of belonging to a social group that shares a common and distinctive culture, religion, lanaguage and history - replaced race hwoever whilst ethnicity refers to a variety of attributes about an individual the culture they associate with the culture they were brought up wigh, language and history amnd religion E.g. Mo Farrah - exploring ethinicty allows us to explore a variety of aspects of a persons experiences and ancestry rather than making simple judgments about them based on their race

Answer 3

Internationalism is the belief that peoples of the world should unite and connect across national boundaries looking beyond what is best for individual nations to see hwat is best for the world.

Answer 4

Socialist internationalism - largely incompatible with nationalism as socialist internationalism is concerned with extending the idea of co-operation cimmynuty and humanity across the world believing that humans are not naturally divided into nations and are instead connected to the whole of humanity whatever country they happen to live in.

Answer 5

This ideology rejected nationalism karl marx nationalism artificially divided the proletariat into the french, german and british nationalities to top them from seeing that they were all explorited by the bourgeiose

Answer 6

Socialists believe nationalism divides the working class across the world and creates artificial division between them, encouraging them to see fellow workers not as comrades, but as enemies. Internationalism, therefore, should be encouraged.

Answer 7

Socialist internationalism argues that we should look beyond the geographical boundaries of nations and see instead multi- national working classes being exploited across the globe. When workers understand their strength as a worldwide class, they will feel empowered to challenge it.

Answer 8

Liberal nationalism is based on applying the core principles of liberal individualism to the nation Nations have the right to self determination as much as individuals have the right to individual autonomy and freedom - a world of independent nation states who will seek to cooperate with other as and when they need to economically, educationally and culturally which will create interdependence between the nation states. This will create interdepdenance as they trade goods and services share ideas and exchange cultures

Answer 9

The key aim is cooperation and interdependence is to secure an internationally stable and peaceful worl where disputes can be resolved rationally, w/o restoring to violence and this has led to liberals to put their faith in supernational institutions thate exists above national institutions such as the eu or the un to help resolve conflicts between nations just as sovereign individuals need to be kept in check by a state so sovereign nation states need to be kept in check by supernational institutions such as the United nations.

Answer 10

Some believe that biology impacts on human nature- racialist nationalism When this belief in racialist leads some to believe that some races are inherently superior to other races then it becomes racism Nation hood forms part of our human identity. A shared history, language and culture helps us to feel a sense of belonging

Answer 11

Nations should form into nation states and be free to govern themselves People should be free to choose to form a nation state as they are best placed to decide what is best for them- national self- determination Nations should be free to act as long as they do not harm others- liberal nationalism Physical geography can set the borders of some nation states States should work towards co-operation and interdependency with other states in order to encourage peace. Organisations such as the UN and EU are examples of this

Answer 12

Nations share a history and culture which forms their identity and binds people together Cultural nationalism is different to civic nationalism where nationalism is based on a set of shared values such as tolerance and belief in liberal democracy Some nations view their nation’s culture as superior to others- chauvinistic nationalism Some nations are formed on shared ethnicity Religion can also be used as a basis for nation forming As can language Some nations are formed by shared beliefs rather than common language and ethnicity e.g. melting pot USA

Answer 13

Economic ties between nations should be strengthened as this encourages co-operation between nation states (liberal internationalism) Socialist nationalism encourages internationalism as a way of spreading socialism- workers should unite rather than remain loyal to their nation states

Answer 14

Nationhood is inclusive and open - based on a civic understanding of nationhood being committed and loyal to the nations values (that is primary requirement for membership - if you passionately identify with the values of the nation you should be permitted to join it)

Answer 15

erals believe that independent nation states will co operate with eachother for mutual benefit and that economics can play a key role in helping to create a stable and peaceful world. The free trade between nations plays an important role in creating a culture of interdependency. The liberal ideal is a world of independent nation states co-operating with each other economically creating a level of interdependence reducing the possibility of conflict as countries that trade with eachother are mutually interdepedent and will seek peaceful ways

Answer 16

If one nation harms another (The UK went to war with Germany twice in the twentieth century when Germany invaded other countries) If a nation harms its own citizens (The UK and US launched airstrikes on Syria in 2018, when the latter used chemical weapons on its own people.

Answer 17

This does not mean that liberal nations will always intervene on illiberal and tyrannical nations. Sometimes it is financially or militarily impractical to do so. Liberal nations prefer to use economic sanctions (The USA and UK have imposed economic sanctions on Russia and North Korea, both nations states with poor human rights records)

Answer 18

Liberals have traditionally supported the policy of free trade - economic interdenpendence means that the material costs of international conflict are so great that warfare becomes virtually unthinkable

Answer 19

Liberals have come to accept that suprnational institutions may be necessary to police the international political world

Answer 20

The EU was set up in 1950s - The European Union (EU) is a political and economic alliance of 27 countries. It promotes democratic values in its member nations and is one of the world's most powerful trade blocs. Nineteen of the countries share the euro as their official currency. - The fundamental purpose of the eu was to promote greater social, political and economic harmony among the nations of western europe as nations whose economies are interdependent are less likely to engage in conflict as they need eachother. This is teh ultimate ecpression of rationalism and dicussiion triumphing over waging war

Answer 21

North alantic treaty organisation - a political alliance between north america and europe as a result of ww2 and signed into effect in 1949

Answer 22

The ideas are naieve and romantic Liberal nationalists see the progressive and liberating face of nationalism; their nationalism is rational and tolerant However they perhaps ignore the darker forces of nationalist the irrational bonds or tribalism that distinguish us from a foreign them Liberals see nationalism as a universal principle but have far less understanding of the emotional power of nationalism which has at times persuaded people to die for or kill for their country Liberal nationalisms belief that nations live in convienient and discrete geographical areas and that states can be constructed that can coincide with these areas In practice nation states compromise a range of linguistic, religious, ethnic or regional groups, some of which may also consider themselves to be nations e.g. in 1918 the newly created nation states of czechoslovakia and poland contained a significant number of german speakers and czechoslovakia itself was a fusion of two major ethnic groups the czechs ans the slovaks The former Yugoslavia, also created by the Treaty of Versailles, contained a bewildering variety of ethnic groups- Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Bosnians, Albanians and so on- which have subsequently realised their aspiration for nationhood. In fact, the ideal of a politically unified and culturally homogeneous nation- state can only be achieved by forcibly deporting minority groups and imposing an outright ban on immigration

Answer 23

Inclusive Rational Progressive Interdepenecy Multicultural

Answer 24

Liberal nationalism has an inclusive, civic understanding of nationhood. Anyone who shares the values of a nation should be able to become part of it relatively quickly

Answer 25

The ideas of liberal nationalism are based on rational principles such a self- determination

Answer 26

Liberal nationalism is forward-looking in that it sees society advancing and improving in the future, promoting and protecting the rights of people. It is a force for peace in the world

Answer 27

Liberal nationalism is unique in seeking independence alongside interdependence, believing both are necessary for a peaceful world order

Answer 28

Liberal nationalism supports the practising of different cultures in society, supported by their strong belief in diversity, pluralism and tolerance. Their only requirement is that the cultures are supportive of the wider views of the nation.

Answer 29

is an inward- looking form of nationalism that shows little interest in self- determination for other nations

Answer 30

Historically, conservatives were worried by the liberal nationalism that was associated with the French Revolution as it threatened the stability of the existing world order However, conservatives came to appreciate other aspects of nationalism, which it shaped into its own unique brand of nationalism

Answer 31

Conservative nationalism tends to exist in older nation states like uk and france and it was seen as a way of creating a sense of cohesion and unity within society. When countries have existed for centuries and their existence has not come under threat for many decades or even centuries creating a sense of national unity can be difficult.

Answer 32

Conservatives saw that using nationalism to focus on shared traditions, history and culture could create a common bond within a nation which could override issues that divided its people They understand nationhood more in cultural terms as people who share common traditions, history and heritage

Answer 33

Conservative nationalism seeks to remind its citizens of what they have in common and what past experiences they share - what historical and political storms they have endured together - uses nostalgia to create a cohesive society. Conservatives nationalists use the state and associated instiutuions such as monarchy as a source ofunity that embodies spirit of the nation national celebrations such as the anniversaries of historic victories or birth dates of significant figures from the past commemorate the uniqueness of the nations culture while international sporting events foster a sense of national unity

Answer 34

queen elizabeth II since she became heir to the throne in 1936 through to her coming queen in 1952 and up until the present day she personified teh uk. National celebrations and commemorations revolve around her she is the symbol of britishness of quiet strength in the face of adversity even though the worl has changed dramatically during her reign on the throne and many of her subjects feel frightened by such changes she is constant the queens bday and anniverises are celebrated with pomp and ceremony. Conservatives believe that humans seek security and tend to be drawn to their own people, conservative nationalism encourages an emotional, nostalgic view of the nation and uses rituals and ceremonies to appeal to pople sdeep cultural connection to their nation. In this sense it is irrational - based on emotions, not reason and logic

Answer 35

Conservative nationalists have understood the enormous power of patriotism as a unifying force in society and have used it as a basis of political order and stability. Instead of seeing society as made up of rich and poor, or old and young, conservative nationalists encourage us to see ourselves as one British nation- the “one nation” of Disraeli’s strand of conservatism

Answer 36

Conservatives such as Benjamin Disraeli (1804-81) and Otto von Bismarck (1815-98) saw that nationalism could be adapted for their own particular aims Disraeli wanted to unite Britain under a common consciousness of “one nation”, while Bismarck wished to unify the German states as a nation. Conservatives drew upon the organic need that they believe human nature has for traditions, customs, culture, history and language to facilitate a national consciousness.

Answer 37

conservative nationalism tends to be mor exclusive to feel part of the nation you need to have shared the historical events that bind society together e.g. if you werent living in the uk during the blitz in the 1940s you cannot possibly understand the spirit of the blitz that existed. People are essentially excluded from feeling part of the nation until they tejemslves have shared experience as part of the nation. Membership of the nation is thus not instant but takes time Tradition and rose- tinted nostalgia are important aspects of conservative nationalism, reinforcing the idea of the nation- state

Answer 38

Remembering hardships the country has faced e.g. wars, e.g. Remembrance Sunday A continuing fascination for WWII- often described as “Our finest hour” Celebrating the royal family both past and present (think how popular The Crown series has been) Fondly recalling moments of national collective joy e.g 1966 World Cup or 2012 Olympics

Answer 39

Conservative nationalism can also be inward- looking because it aims to defend its own national identity and way of life, rather than concern itself with the interests of other nations. To be part of the nation, you must be prepared to give up any customs and traditions of your own that go against the national character. Because of this, immigrants need to assimilate into British society and adopt its customs. Conservative nationalism thus stands against the notion of cultural diversity and multiculturalism, requiring an absolute commitment to the shared customs, values and beliefs of the host nation. If the stability and unity of society seems to be threatened by immigration, conservative nationalism can become hostile, suspicious and xenophobic.

Answer 40

Anti- colonial nationalism refers to the first stage where the indigenous population of the colonies begin questioning and then rejecting the supremacy and authority of the colonial powers. This usually emerges alongside a rising sense of their own nationhood and are terms that have been used to describe countries that have gone through two historical phases, giving their experience of nationalism a dual character They are both reactions to colonial occupation.

Answer 41

post- colonial nationalism refers to the second phase and the experiences of these nations once they have achieved their goal of independence. It is concerned with the political polices that develop once independence has been achieved

Answer 42

Mahatma gandhi was the main leader of indias independence movement he advocated a firm if non violent resistance known as satyagrha (truth of firmness) against the british ‘My ambition is no less than to convert the british people through non violene and thus make them the wrong they have done to india’ one infamous event of this campaign was the salt march at the time the british empire had a stranehold on salt i india the essential mineral was heavily taxed by the colonial power and the indias could even be kailed for daring to make salt themselves in protes over the salt laws gandhi walekd from his reteat near ahmedabad to arabian sea 240 miles away joined by thousnads of marchers more than 60k arrested including candhi but campign continues when an american jouralist reproted on policmen visicouy beating a group of peaceful demonstrators there was an international outcry over the injstice indians faced at the hands of the british times magazine ‘man of the year’ for 1930 - india was granted independence in 1947

Answer 43

When colonial powers rule over an area, they encourage the indigenous populations they ruled over to reject their own culture and traditions and to adopt the rulers langauge,culture and religion Today many african nations have englush, french and portugeuse as their official langauge a leftover from colonial days Anti-colonial nationalism started when these oppressed nations began to recognise their oppression and reject the culture of their oppressors, wishing to follow their own traditional ways - it can be seen as a form of liberal nationalism the desire for a nation to rule itself in its own sovereign territory - but anti-colonial nationalism is distinct as it refers to the experiences of african, asian and latin american nations which were all subject to the same phenomenon over a similar period the symbol of induas anti colonial movement was mahatma gandhi

Answer 44

Post colonial nationalism refers to the experiences of these nations once they have achieved their goal of independence - in post colonia societies colinia rule was often replaced by non western or anti western ideas and often these nations wished to throw off the yolk of colonialism in every way and certainly did not seek to replicate their oppressors by setting up capitalist liberal democracies

Answer 45

Marxists had opposed nationalism until post colonial nationalism - they viewed nationalism as a bourgeois ideology which hindered the development of socialist consciousness however many postcolonial nationalist chose fundamentalist socialism as they saw it as the best way to resist international economic oppression by colonial powers. Many african and asian nations saw the point of independecne as being free to shape their own destiny based on their traditionally culture and practices often they looked towards socialist ideas to provide a framework there are connections with socialism as they related strongly to lenins analysis of imperialism as a form of capitalist oppression for many colonies lenins scrutiny gave them an insight into their oppression in economic terms - lenin argued that rich, western capitalist countries could buy off the indigenous working class of their colonies by exploiting and pillaging the raw materials and cheap labour former colonies could use marxist lenininsim as a guide for developing their countries national movement and as a focal unifying force - former colonies have been attracted to socialist values that resonate with their more traditional ways of life such as communities, co-operating together and sharing ownership

Answer 46

Post- colonial nationalism has been linked with black nationalism through Marcus Garvey and the many movements that emerged from his ideas Garvey was born in Jamaica but travelled to London and then to the United States to extend his understanding He saw black people returning from the Second World War, thinking that their war effort would lead to equal treatment by American society, only to see nothing change and losing hope of genuine equality

Answer 47

Black people should learn to be proud of their race and see beauty in themselves (for example by leaving their h

Answer 48

Black people should learn to be proud of their race and see beauty in themselves (for example by leaving their hair naturally as “afros” rather that straightening it to make it seem more like white people’s hair) Pan- Africanism. More radically, black people should go to Africa and set up an African nation in their ancient homeland. Only when black people could show white people that they could be successful economically, culturally and politically in their own homeland, would they start to earn the respect of others and be treated as equals. Pan africanism = the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa

Answer 49

excessive or prejudiced support for one's own cause or group, in particular male prejudice against women

Answer 50

National chauvinism is the belief in the superiority of one nation, and the inferiority of other nations It tends to be explicitly racialist, where membership of the nation is often restricted to those of a specific “race”

Answer 51

Expansionist nationalism is typically associated with the fascist regimes in the 1930s and 1940s Germany, Italy and Japan But it could also be seen in the “scramble for Africa” exercised by European powers in the 19th century All these nations believed themselves to be superior to and more deserving than other nations Hitler’s concept of lebensraum- a living space in the East, which he wrote about at length in Mein Kampf- outlines this idea perfectly “The National Socialist Movement must strive to eliminate the disproportion between our population and our area” (Hitler)

Answer 52

When a national develops an overseas empire - possesses elements of chauvinistic nationalism but imperial powers are now largely confined to history - in the past national progress was seen in terms of the creation of an overseas empire of colonial possessions What was the “Scramble for Africa”?

Answer 53

in the 1880s the great european powers stepped up their colonisartion of africa so that by 1914 90% of the contient was under colonial role

Answer 54

britain spain, france, austria-hungary the netherlands japan and germany werr all prominent e.g.s of imperial powers

Answer 55

For hitler the ayran race were the master race, superior to the slavic race who occupied a huge area to the east of germany which was full of natgual and mineral resources. It was therefore wrong that an inferior race should occupy such a large pleniful area while the ayran master race were crowded into small less abundant land - the ayran wace should take the large expanse of land to their east the soviet union for themselves and

Answer 56

also was to achieve aurtarky (self sufficiency) this meant rejecting any reliance and co-operatuon with other nations germany suffered from trade blockades during ww2 that caused food shortages so the need for economic self sufficeny via newly acquired land gave it an added impetus

Answer 57

Expansionist forms of nationalism are highly militaristic They associate an empire with evidence of national greatness, based on the notion of “survival of the fittest” The army is the tool through which this can be achieved Attention is focused on remilitarising and expanding the army The state, government and army become fused and the country’s resources are devoted to the mission of world domination.

Answer 58

Expansionist nationalism is highly irrational in its outlook Its belief in national chauvinism is a form of integral nationalism Integral nationalism is an intense, hysterical form of patriotism in which the individual is absorbed into the nation The individual is swept away on a tide of intense, passionate patriotism, and is prepared to make any sacrifices for the good of the nation As Charles Maurras said “A true nationalist places his country above everything” These types of nationalism tend to use past period of national greatness alongside myths, art, culture and folklore to create a highly emotional, anti- rational approach to nationalism.

Answer 59

Expansionist nationalism is highly irrational in its outlook Its belief in national chauvinism is a form of integral nationalism Integral nationalism is an intense, hysterical form of patriotism in which the individual is absorbed into the nation The individual is swept away on a tide of intense, passionate patriotism, and is prepared to make any sacrifices for the good of the nation As Charles Maurras said “A true nationalist places his country above everything” These types of nationalism tend to use past period of national greatness alongside myths, art, culture and folklore to create a highly emotional, anti- rational approach to nationalism.

Answer 60

“Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains. One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they”

Answer 61

Cultural nationalism – suggested that every nation was different, and that every nation had its own unique cultural character. A nation was defined by a common language that allowed it to express a common culture Volk – identified the Volk (the people) as the root of national culture and special nature (Volksgeist), which each nation should try to express. The German people should be defined by their language and this could form the basis of a united German people in one state (at that time “Germany” did not exist as a nation but was a collection of states)

Answer 62

“Has a people anything dearer than the speech of its fathers? In its speech resides its whole thought-domain, its tradition, history, religion and basis of life, all its heart and soul…”

Answer 63

Nationhood – believed that humans could express themselves only via their nation and that human freedom rested on the creation of one’s own nation-state. He recognised the importance of a romantic idea of national spirit that is common in so many cultures. Mazzini was regarded as a key figure in the creation of a united Italy in the 1860s He rejected intellectualism and rationalism, preferring “action”. Ideas had to be acted upon so that they affected the physical world, hence his belief in “thought and action” * “Every nation is destined, by the law of God and humanity to form a free and equal community of brothers” The collective freedom of the nation was more important than the establishment of individual liberty (an idea that brought him into conflict with liberalism

Answer 64

“Every nation is destined, by the law of God and humanity to form a free and equal community of brothers"

Answer 65

Ultra Conservative French nationalist whose ideas were imbued with racism and antisemitism Advocated a regressive nationalism, which yearned for a bygone age of French glory Some cultures are superior to other cultures. Believed the French were a superior people. Integral nationalism – an intensely emotional form of nationalism where individuals were encouraged to submerge themselves into their nation. A collective identity of a people was more important than individual liberty. Militarism – integral nationalism encourages nations to have a strong military ethos.

Answer 66

“A true nationalist places his country above everything”.

Answer 67

Jamaican and staunchly anti-colonialist. He viewed imperialism as the main obstacle to the success of black nationalism Perceived Ethiopia as the birthplace of all black people which gave them a common identity Developed concept of black nationalism to unite all peoples of African origin His ideas were a major influence on the US black consciousness movement of the 1960s Black pride – encouraged African people to be proud of their race and to see beauty in their own kind. Pan-Africanism – that African people, in every part of the world, were one people and that they would never progress if they did not put aside their cultural and ethnic differences.

Answer 68

“The black skin is not a badge of shame, but rather a glorious symbol of national greatness”

Nationalism Flashcards

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