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[Y1] Introductory Microbiology > The microbiome, microbes and disease > Flashcards

The microbiome, microbes and disease Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 alternative names for microbiome?

A
  • microbiota
  • microbial flora
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2
Q

define microbiome

A

a host-associated community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms

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3
Q

what is the metagenome?

A

The collective genome of all microorganisms living on the human body

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4
Q

what is the total cfu count of the skin?

A

10^4-6/sweat gland

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5
Q

what is the total cfu count of the mouth?

A

10^6-8

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6
Q

what is the total cfu count of the genitourinary tract?

A

10^8-9

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7
Q

what is the total cfu count of the intestines?

A

10^11 / cm3

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8
Q

what is the ratio of the cfu count in skin?
aerobe : anaerobe

A

1:10

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9
Q

what is the ratio of the cfu count in mouth?
aerobe : anaerobe

A

1:10

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10
Q

what is the ratio of the cfu count in genitourinary tract?
aerobe : anaerobe

A

1:100

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11
Q

what is the ratio of the cfu count in intestines?
aerobe : anaerobe

A

1:1000

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12
Q

where do we aquire our skin microbiome?

A

birth canal

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13
Q

where do we aquire our mouth microbiome?

A

birth canal, care giver

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14
Q

where do we aquire our genitourinary tract microbiome?

A

surrounding environment

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15
Q

where do we aquire our intestines microbiome?

A

care giver, mother

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16
Q

how much skin does the average adult have?

A

2 m2

17
Q

how many microorganisms are on the skin?

A

10^12

18
Q

what 4 things make the skin a hostile environment for microbes?

A
  • Larger areas are susceptible to desiccation
  • Acidic pH (pH 4-6)
  • Secretions are high in salt, low in water activity
  • Organic acids are present which are antimicrobial
19
Q

what are most of the colonisers on the skin? why?

A

predominantly Gram +ve:
- Gram +ves are more likely to be desiccation resistant
- Gram +ves are more likely to be halotolerant (salt)

20
Q

what are the 5 microbes that the skin microbiota predominantly consists of?

A

Corynebacteria spp.
Propionibacteria spp.
Micorococci
Staphylococci (principally S. epidermidis)
Candida spp.

21
Q

what host physiological reasons lead to inter-person variation?

A
  • sex
  • age
  • site
22
Q

what environmental reasons lead to inter-person variation?

A
  • climate
  • geographical location
23
Q

what immune system reasons lead to inter-person variation?

A
  • previous exposure
  • inflammation
24
Q

what host genotype reasons lead to inter-person variation?

A
  • susceptibilty genes such as filaggrin
25
Q

what lifestyle reasons lead to inter-person variation?

A
  • occupation
  • hygiene
26
Q

what pathobiological reasons lead to inter-person variation?

A
  • underlying conditions such as diabetes
27
Q

state 3 things about the dental microbiome

A
  • Dental plaque is a highly complex community of bacteria
  • Complex interplay between different species
  • Only Streptococcus mutans can cause dental caries
28
Q

state 3 things about the stomach microbiome

A
  • Low pH (c. pH 1)
  • But if that was the case, there would be no colonisation of the intestines or intestinal infection
  • Mucosal layer is less acidic and it is here that a microbiome resides
29
Q

where does the bacteria reside in the stomach?

A
  • Within the mucosal layer
  • Helicobacter pylori is a classic example
  • Usually non-pathogenic, but can cause gastric ulcers
30
Q

why do the duodenum and jejunum allow for some limited microbial growth?

A
  • Pancreatic secretions (pH 10)
  • pH just after stomach pH8
  • Bile salts present
31
Q

state 3 things about the microbiome in the large intestines

A
  • Highly complex microbiome
  • Approx 10^9-10^12 cfu/g feces
  • Anaerobic environment
  • Microbiome of obligate and facultative anaerobes
  • Some species are involved in human nutrition
32
Q

what are the 2 roles of the microbiome in the large intestine?

A
  • Breakdown of complex carbohydrates
  • Pathogen suppression
33
Q

disruption of the normal microbiota can cause what in the large intestines?

A

allow pathogens to grow

[Y1] Introductory Microbiology (8 decks)

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