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year 12 human biology > the nervous system > Flashcards

the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cell body?

A

Contains the nucleus, and controls cell functioning

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2
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Carries messages or nerve impulses into the cell body

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3
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

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4
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A
  1. Acts as an insulator
  2. Protects axon from damage
  3. Speeds up movement of nerve impulses along the axon
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5
Q

What is the function of the neurilemma?

A

Helps in repair of injured fibres

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6
Q

What is the neurilemma formed from?

A

Schwann cells

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7
Q

What is a synapses?

A

The junction where the axon terminal of one neuron joins with a dendrite or cell body of another

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8
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

The movement of chemicals that carry messages across the gap

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9
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

The gap where the axon meets a skeletal muscle cell

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10
Q

What is the function of a sensory neuron?

A

Carries messages from receptors in sense organs to CNS

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11
Q

What is the function of a motor neuron?

A

Carries messages from CNS to effectors, muscles, glands

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12
Q

What is the function of an interneuron (relay)?

A

Is the link between sensory and motor neurons

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13
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

In CNS

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14
Q

What is the structure of multipolar neurons?

A

1 axon, multiple dendrites

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15
Q

What is the structure of bipolar neurons?

A

1 axon, 1 dendrite. Both may have branches that take impulses from receptors to other neurons

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16
Q

What is the structure of unipolar neurons?

A

1 axon, only found in insects

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17
Q

What is the structure of pseudo unipolar neurons?

A

1 axon dividing into 2. One extension connects to dendrites, the other connects to axon terminals

18
Q

How does the bone protect the CNS?

A
  • The hardness of the cranium encases the brain
  • The spinal cord runs through vertebral canal in vertebrae
19
Q

How does the outer layer of the meninges protect the CNS?

A
  • Tough and fibrous
  • Sticks to cranium
  • Inflexible, preventing brain from moving
20
Q

How does the middle layer of the meninges protect the CNS?

A

Loose mesh of fibres

20
Q

How does the inner layer of the meninges protect the CNS?

A
  • Delicate with many blood vessels
  • Sticks to brain and spinal cord
  • Creates seal protecting brain from infection
21
Q

How does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protect the CNS?

A

The clear watery fluid fills space between middle and inner layer of meninges and circulates through brain cavities and spinal cord

22
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. Protection - shock absorber
  2. Support - brain is suspended in cranium and floats in CSF
  3. Transport - takes nutrients to cells and wastes away
23
Q

What increases the surface area of the cerebrum (largest part of the brain)?

A

The many convolutions

24
Q

What fissure separated the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

25
Q

Describe the 3 types of tracts in the Cerebum

A
  1. Connects various areas in the same hemisphere
  2. Carries impulses between hemispheres
  3. Connects cortex to other parts of the brain or spinal cord
26
Q

Describe the 3 types of functional areas in the Cerebrum

A
  • Sensory areas: interprets impulses from receptors (sense perceptions)
  • Motor areas: controls muscular movements (voluntary muscles)
  • Association areas: intellectual and emotional processes (thinking, learning, memory)
27
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Nerve fibres underneath cerebrum, crossing hemispheres and allowing communication

28
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Posture, balance, fine co-ordination (all non-conscious)

29
Q

What are the 3 important roles of the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Cardiac centre: regulates rate and force of heartbeat
  • Respiratory centre: control of rate and depth of breathing
  • Vasomotor centre: regulates blood vessel diameter
30
Q

What are 2 functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • Carry sensory and motor impulses
  • Integrate certain reflexes
31
Q

Where does the sensory neuron carry messages?

A

From receptors in sense organs TOWARDS CNS

32
Q

Where does the motor neuron carry messages?

A

AWAY from CNA towards muscles and glands

33
Q

What is an interneuron?

A

Located in CNS, links between sensory and motor neurons

34
Q

Describe structure of multipolar neuron

A
  • 1 axon, multiple dendrites
  • most common
  • mostly interneurons and motor neurons
35
Q

Describe structure of bipolar neuron

A
  • 1 axon, 1 dendrite
  • both axon and dendrite have many branches
  • mostly interneurons
35
Q

Describe structure of unipolar neurons

A
  • 1 axon
  • cell body is to one side of axon
  • mostly sensory neurons
35
Q

How many pairs of nerves are from the brain (cranial nerves)

A

12 pairs

36
Q

How many pairs of nerves are from the spinal cord (spinal nerves)

A

31 pairs

37
Q

Describe ventral root spinal nerves

A

Contains axons of motor neurons and their cell bodies are in the spinal cords grey matter

38
Q

Describe dorsal root spinal nerves

A

Contains axons of sensory neurons and their cell bodies are in dorsal root ganglion

39
Q

What is the fight-or-flight response?

A

In threatening situations the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation is disrupted - the sympathetic becomes dominant

year 12 human biology (4 decks)

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