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Russia 1855 -1964 > The Provisional Government and Lenin 1917-1924 > Flashcards

The Provisional Government and Lenin 1917-1924 Flashcards

1
Q

What was ‘Order No.1’?

A

A charter of soldier rights which was agreed by the Petrograd Soviet (‘councils’). Seen as revolutionary and insisted that all soldiers and workers should obey the Provisional Government

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2
Q

How many years of Romanov dynasty came to an end in 1917?

A

304 years

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3
Q

What revolutionary disturbances were happening elsewhere outside of Petrograd?

A
  • In cities, workers seized control of their factories and set up workers’ committees and deposed their former bosses
  • The army, under the command of the Petrograd Soviet, disintegrated into semi-independent bodies without clear leadership
  • In the countryside, peasants attacked landlords’ properties and felled trees illegally
  • In provinces such as Finland, Poland and the Ukraine, national minorities declared their independence
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4
Q

What do soviet historians interpret about the events of February 1917?

A
  • An inevitable class struggle between the bourgeoisie-proletarian forces and traditional aristocratic forces of the urban workers in St Petersburg.
  • They believe it was the Bolsheviks who inspired the revolution and the setting up of the Petrograd
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5
Q

What was the ‘Provisional Government’?

A

Grand-Duke Mikhail relinquished political authority under Prince Lvov and its members represented included influential elites and compromised those who had previously favoured the monarchy (e.g. liberals, moderate socialists and Kadets)

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6
Q

What groups who previously supported the monarchy were under-threat due to the Provisional Government?

A

Kadets, Liberals and Moderate Socialists

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7
Q

Who was the Petrograd Soviet dominated by?

A

Mensheviks, SR’s and a small number of Bolsheviks

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8
Q

What laid the foundations of the Dual Power period in 1917?

A

Negotiations by Alexander Kerensky for the Provisional Government and the Soviet to work together

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9
Q

What promises of the Provisional Government did the Soviet accept?

A
  1. A general amnesty for political prisoners
  2. Basic civil liberties
  3. The abolition of legal disabilities based on class, religion and nationality
  4. The right to organize trade unions and to strike
  5. That a Constituent Assembly would be elected
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10
Q

What other changes were made under Dual power?

A
  • Freedom off religion and the press
  • Abolishment of the death penalty
  • Replaced the tsarist police force with ‘people’s militia’
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11
Q

Why were local ‘soviets’ set up by peasants and workers all across Russia?

A

To demand a say in the running of factories and to be able to control their own affairs

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12
Q

What did Milyukov’s announcement in April 1917 cause?

A

He stated that the government would keep on fighting until ‘just peace’ had been won. This led to massive war demonstrations in Petrograd forcing him to resign

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13
Q

How many desertions were they between March to May in 1917?

A

365,000 > caused the death penalty to be reinstated as the only way of controlling troops

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14
Q

What was the Kornilov coup?

A

Kornilov, Commander-in-Chief of the army, ordered six regiments of troop sot march on Petrograd with the intention of crushing the Soviet and establish a military dictatorship. Kornilov’s supplies were cut and the cup leaders were arrested

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15
Q

Why did the Provisional Government lose support from the countryside?

A

Due to the continuation of the war and the failure to redistribute land

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16
Q

Why did the Provisional Government lose support from the workers?

A

Food shortages and real wages fell. Also when the right of factory owners to dismiss workers who went on strikes was confirmed, and the meetings of factory committees during working hours was forbidden

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17
Q

Where from and when did Lenin return from?

A

From exile in Switzerland and in April 1917

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18
Q

How did Lenin manage to return from exile? Who helped him?

A

Germans who expected him to seize power and make peace

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19
Q

Who became the first Minister (of war) in 1917?

A

Kerensky

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20
Q

What was the ‘April Thesis’?

A

A gist of words spoken by Lenin in his speech to the greeting crowds at the Finland Station in Petrograd.
Demand for ‘peace, bread and land’

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21
Q

Where was the ‘April Thesis’ published?

A

In the party’s official newspaper - the ‘Pravda’

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22
Q

What did the ‘April Thesis’ demand?

A
  • Power should be transferred to the Soviets
  • The war should be brought to an immediate end
  • All land should be taken over by the State and re-allocated by local soviets
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23
Q

What did the ‘April Thesis’ demands become known as?

A

‘Peace, bread and land’

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24
Q

What was Lenin’s motto?

A

‘All power to the soviets’

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25
Q

What was the initial reaction to the reappearance of Lenin?

A
  • Fear that Lenin had grown ‘out of touch’
  • Fear that Lenin’s radical proposals would do more harm than good
  • That Lenin’ call to oppose the Provisional Government was unrealistic
  • Mensheviks feared Lenin would provoke a right-wing reaction and stir up discontent
26
Q

How many members did the Bolsheviks have?

A

26,000 - still a minority to the socialists

27
Q

How did Lenin win over the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party?

A

By sheer force of personality

28
Q

When did Trotsky decide to throw his full weight behind the Bolshevik cause?

A

Beginning of July 1917

29
Q

What were the ‘July Days’?

A

Forcing of 586 factories causing 100,000 to be unemployed caused the workers to want price controls, Even the Kronstadt sailors joined the workers on the streets and protested ‘all power to the soviets’

30
Q

In October 1917, what was the new Bolshevik membership figure?

A

200,000

31
Q

Who became chairman of the Petrograd Soviet in September?

A

Trotsky

32
Q

What was Kerensky’s reaction to the Bolshevik’s threat to seize power?

A

Responded by sending some of the more radical army units out of the capital. He also tried to close down two Bolshevik newspapers and restricted the Military Revolutionary Committee’s power when Lenin announced that ‘an armed rising is the order of the day’

33
Q

The name given to the Bolshevik Secret Police

A

The Cheka

34
Q

What happened through the night on October 24th-25th?

A

In the name of the Second Congress of Soviets, 5000 sailors and soldiers from Kronstadt moved into the city and Bolshevik Red Guards seized key positions around the capital (e.g. post offices, railways stations).

35
Q

What happened on the evening of the 25th?

A

The storming of the Winter Palace - 15,000 gathered to watch or took part in the Bolsheviks claim to power.

36
Q

What did Trotsky admit about the October Revolution?

A

Only 25,000-30,000 ‘at the most’ were actively involved and the revolution was essentially a series of ‘small operations, calculated and prepared in advance’

37
Q

Historians views on how the revolution occurred?

A

Fitzpatrick - adopts a more Liberal view that it was a spontaneous rebellion which the Bolsheviks were bae to exploit
Carr - argues Lenin was the directing force
Critics of the ‘heroic Lenin’ would argue that he was absent for most of 1917 and it was indeed Trotsky who was the leading power in the revolution as he organized the Red Guards + the storming of the Winter Palace

38
Q

What immediate measures did Lenin take?

A
  1. Decree on peace: promised an end to war ‘without annexation and indemnities’ - demobilization followed
  2. Decree on land: abolished private ownership and legitimized peasant seizures without compensation to landlords
  3. Workers control decree: gave workers the right to ‘supervise management’
  4. Decrees on the Church were nationalised
  5. Government outlawed sex discrimination and gave women the right to own property
  6. Closure of anti-Bolshevik newspapers
  7. Propaganda campaign against political and ‘class enemies (e.g. the bourgeoisie)
39
Q

Who benefitted/did not benefit form the Bolshevik Revolution in October 1917?

A

+ Women did benefit > outlawed sex discrimination
+ Workers did benefit > ‘supervise management’
+ Peasants did benefit > legitimized peasant seizures, promise to redistribution of land in ‘April Thesis
+ Soldiers did benefit > end to war and military decree removed class-ranks in the army
+ National Minorities did benefit > promised independence to the peoples of the former Russian Empire
- Landowners did not > abolishment of private ownership
- Nobility did not > decree against titles, all to become ‘citizens’

40
Q

How was Lenin’s determination for a one-party Bolshevik State shown?

A
  • No intention of sharing any power with other socialists
  • There was a new Bolshevik/Communist power structure
  • Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly in Jan 1918. When civilians demonstrated against his action, they were fired on and 12 were killed
  • ‘the dictatorship of the proletariat’
  • Creation of the Cheka = repression of ‘counter-revolutionary’ enemies
41
Q

When did the Bolsheviks formerly adopt the title of ‘Communist Party’?

A

March 1918

42
Q

Why did Lenin start to allow more ‘capitalistic practices’ after the war in 1921?

A

Occurred when he was faced with revolt from workers and peasants who sought to end wartime policies and the Kronstadt sailors, who previously has supported Lenin (eye-opener for Lenin)

43
Q

Lenin’s introduction of ‘central planning’ and nationalization of industry can be seen as a………

A

pragmatic (realistic) reaction to the crisis after the war rather than one supporting communist ideologies

44
Q

Why did Lenin argue for a ‘ban on factions’ within the Communist Party?

A

As party unity was deemed paramount in difficult circumstances. Stalin used this to defeat his rivals later on

45
Q

How did Lenin die?

A

Due to ill-health and paralysis from the 1918 attack where he was shot by a SR.

46
Q

What political opposition did the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cause?

A

‘Whites’ who were supported by Western forces (Britain and France) as well as the US to fight to keep Russia a capitalist nation as well as their own interests (loans)

47
Q

What was the treaty called that withdrew Russian forces from the First World War?

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

48
Q

When was the Tsar and his family murdered?

A

July 1918 in the Urals mountains

49
Q

How did the Communists defeat the Whites?

A

Due to the Bolsheviks geographical advantages and superior organization. This was at the expense of 10 million death from hunger and epidemic disease, as well as military action

50
Q

What body was created that became the real-centre for Party policy?

A

The Politburo in 1919 including Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin

51
Q

What does Marxism teach?

A

That society evolves through class struggle

52
Q

What education act was set up under Lenin?

A

The Commissariat of Enlightenment - which provided free education at all levels in schools

53
Q

What opposition types did the Bolsheviks face?

A
  • From other political groups
  • From former tsarist officers and loyal peasants
  • From the ideological ‘opposition’ - upper classes of society
54
Q

Who was the first leader of the Cheka established in 1917?

A

Felix Dzerzhinsky

55
Q

What made it clear to the Russian people that the state would do all in its power to destroy enemies?

A

The establishment of the Cheka, the dismissal of the Constituent Assembly and the extension of the Red Army to deal with rebellion

56
Q

How were the bourgeoisie and the upper classes effected by the ‘Red Terror’?

A

There was a form of ‘class welfare’ and bourgeoisie property was confiscated, social privilege ended and discriminatory taxes levied on the burzhui (the enemy of the people)

57
Q

Who were the ‘burzhui’?

A

the ‘enemies of the people’.

Ideological opponents as much as political ones were arrested, exiled or executed

58
Q

What provided the excuse of ‘Terror’ to begin?

A

The attempt on Lenin’s life in August 1918

59
Q

When did political opposition come to an end under Lenin?

A

In 1921, when 34 SR’s (social Revolutionaries) were given ‘show trails’, and made to admit their crimes in public and denounce others.

60
Q

Why were around 8000 priests executed in 1921?

A

For failing to hand over valuable Church possessions, which were supposedly required for the relief of famine victims

61
Q

How many people were shot due to the ‘Red Terror’ in the 1918-21 period?

A

1 million people

62
Q

What did the ‘ban on factions’ mean in 1921?

A

That all Party members had to accept the decisions of the Central Committee and anyone who opposed was threatened with expulsion from the party.

Russia 1855 -1964 (7 decks)

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