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Approaches > The Psychodynamic Approach > Flashcards

The Psychodynamic Approach Flashcards

1
Q

The conscious mind

A

The part of the mind we are aware of

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2
Q

The pre-conscious mind

A

The thoughts that occur just out of conscious awareness

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3
Q

The unconscious mind

A

The part of the mind that we’re unaware of but which continues to direct much of our behaviour

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4
Q

The id

A

Entirely unconscious, the id is made up of selfish, aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification. Our base instincts and urges.

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5
Q

The ego

A

The ‘reality check’ that balances the conflicting demands of the id and the super-ego. The ‘mediator’.

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6
Q

The super ego

A

The moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self: how we ought to be. Responsible for feelings of guilt.

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7
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and the super ego. Used often in traumatic situations.

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8
Q

Repression

A

Highly emotional and unpleasant thoughts are buried deep in the unconscious mind so it cannot be accessed by the conscious mind and can no longer cause anxiety (defence mechanism).

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9
Q

Denial

A

A refusal to accept the reality of an unpleasant situation to reduce anxiety (defence mechanism).

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10
Q

Displacement

A

A strong emotion is displaced from its true target onto a neutral or safer substitute target allowing the person to express that emotion and reduce anxiety (defence mechanism).

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11
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Five developmental stages that all children pass through. At most stages there is a specific conflict,the outcome of which determines future development.

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12
Q

Fixation

A

If a conflict is experienced during development through one of the psychosexual stages that is not resolved, a fixation occurs which will affect the individual’s personality.

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13
Q

Which psychosexual stage happens at 0-1 years old?

A

The oral stage.

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14
Q

Where is the pleasure centre in the oral stage?

A

The mouth.

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15
Q

What are the possible causes for fixation at the oral stage?

A
  • Deprivation of food
  • Early weaning
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16
Q

What are the possible results of fixation at the oral stage?

A
  • Smoking
  • Biting nails
  • Sarcastic personality
  • Over-critical
  • Thumb-sucking
  • Talkative
  • Drugs & alcohol
17
Q

Which psychosexual stage occurs at 1-3 years old?

A

The anal stage

18
Q

Where is the pleasure centre during the anal stage?

A

The anus

19
Q

What are the possible causes of fixation at the anal stage?

A
  • Harsh toilet training
  • Lax toilet training
20
Q

What are the possible results of fixation at the anal stage?

A
  • Tidiness, perfectionism, obsessiveness, not generous, OCD (anal retentive)
  • Messiness, thoughtless, generous (anal expulsive)
21
Q

What psychosexual stage occurs at 3-5 years old?

A

The phallic stage
(Child experiences Electra or Oedipus complex)

22
Q

Where is the pleasure centre during the phallic stage?

A

The genital area

23
Q

What are the possible causes of fixation at the phallic stage?

A
  • No father figure
  • Very dominant mother
  • not resolving the oedipus or electra complex
24
Q

What are the possible results of fixation at the phallic stage?

A
  • Self-obsession
  • Envy
  • Sexual anxiety
  • Narcissistic
  • Reckless
  • Possibly homosexual
  • Potentially underdeveloped super ego
25
Q

What psychosexual stage occurs at 5/6 years old until puberty?

A

The latency stage
(Dormant libido)

26
Q

Where is the pleasure centre during the latency stage?

A

No particular area is ‘pleasurable’
Earlier conflicts are repressed

27
Q

What psychosexual stage occurs from puberty onwards?

A

The genital stage

28
Q

What occurs during the genital stage?

A

Sexual desires become conscious
The development of adult relationships
Seeking pleasure in all previous pleasure areas

29
Q

What are the possible results of fixation in the genital stage?

A
  • Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
30
Q

What are the strengths of Freud’s theories?

A
  • They have strong explanatory power - his theories had a huge influence on psychology and our understanding of the importance of childhood experiences
  • Freud developed the therapy of psychoanalysis based in his theories which paved the way for modern treatments
31
Q

What are the limitations of Freud’s theories?

A
  • His theories are based on case study research - despite his observations were detailed and data was carefully recorded, his findings have limited value as it isn’t possible to make broad generalisations based on a small number of individuals
  • Freud’s theories are unfalsifiable - it isn’t possible to empirically test his theories. Some concepts occur at unconscious levels and are impossible to test meaning that the scientific status is questioned.
  • Lacks external validity
32
Q

What is the Oedipus complex?

A

A boy experiences intense unconscious sexual feelings for his mother
He sees his father as a rival for his mother’s love and feels threatened by him.
He worries his father will castrate him for his feelings for his mother (castration anxiety) and therefore acts similarly to his father as a way to reduce his anxiety
He therefore identifies with his father
According to Freud, it is therefore essential that a father figure is present.

33
Q

What is the Electra complex

A

Girls realise that they don’t have a penis
They believe their mother removed it and develop resentment against their mother and they develop penis envy
They also desire their father as he has a penis
They are hostile towards their mother however fear loosing her love because of their feelings their father
They repress their feelings and start to develop an underdeveloped super ego (as their anxiety is ‘less than boys’)
They develop the concept of gender (when they identify with their mother) and substitute their desire for a penis with the desire for a baby

34
Q

Parapraxes

A

Slips of the tongue which reveal a hidden unconscious motive. Used as a way to see what is in the unconscious mind

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