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[Y1] Anatomy and Physiology > The skeletal system > Flashcards

The skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 things do we need to survive?

A
  • protection against external environment
  • defence against infction
  • movement
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2
Q

what is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

A

enables movement for hunting, escaping, fighting and reproducing

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3
Q

what are the 3 components to the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • skeleton
  • joints
  • muscles
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4
Q

what is involuntary movement due to?

A

reflexes

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5
Q

how many bones does an adult have (after fusion)?

A

214

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6
Q

how many bones does an infant have (before fusion)?

A

350

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7
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton? what 5 regions does it consist of?

A
  • 80
  • skull, ossicles, hyoid bone, veretebral column and thoratic cage
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8
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? what 6 regions does it consist of?

A
  • 134
  • shoulder, arm and hands, pelvis, leg and feet.
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9
Q

what is the largest bone in the body?

A

femur

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10
Q

what is the smallest bone in the body?

A

stapes

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11
Q

what are joints?

A
  • The join between 2 bones
  • Held together by ligaments
  • Movement controlled by muscles and their tendons
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12
Q

what are the 3 tyes of joints?

A
  • fibrous (immovable)
  • cartilaginous (semi-moveable, tough fibrocartilage)
  • synovial (freely moveable, hyaline cartilage)
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13
Q

how many types of bones are there? what are they?

A

7
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- sesamoid bones
- pneumatic bones
- splanchic bones

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14
Q

what are the 5 functions of bone?

A
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Framework for support
  • Movement directed by the muscles
  • Store of minerals and nutrients
  • Haematopoiesis (blood cell production)
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15
Q

what are 3 properties of bone?

A
  • hard but lightweight
  • flexible but rigid
  • adaptable
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16
Q

true or false: Tendons link bone to bone and ligaments link bone to muscle.

A

false

17
Q

true or false: 99% of calcium is stored in bone and teeth.

A

true

18
Q

true or false: PTH moves calcium into the blood, calcitonin moves calcium out of the blood.

A

true

19
Q

what is cortical bone?

A
  • compact bone
  • hard outer shell
  • 80% of bone mass
20
Q

what is cancellous bone?

A
  • spongy bone
  • bone in the interior
  • lightweight trabeculae
  • spongy gaps filled with red barrow
21
Q

define osteon

A

concentric layers of lamellae surrounding a central Haversian canal (contains blood vessel)

22
Q

define lacunae

A

cavities between lamellae where osteocytes sit

23
Q

what is mature adult compact bone made of?

A
  • Strong lamellar bone (rings of bone)
  • Rings make cylindrical units called osteons
24
Q

describe spongy bone?

A
  • The spongy bone forms a hollow network of bone called trabeculae that contains the red bone marrow.
  • This is the site of haematopoiesis.
  • Large bone surface area for mineral exchange.
25
Q

what percentage of bone is organic and inorganic?

A

Made of 30% flexible organic matter AND 70% rigid non-organic matter (Ca2+ salts)

26
Q

what is the organic matrix of bones made up of?

A
  • <2% of bone consists of living cells (Bone cells, blood vessels, nerves)
  • ~30% of bone is a non-living organic matrix secreted by the living cells
    (90-95% Collagen
    Ground substance (gelatinous medium))
27
Q

what is collagen made up of?

A
  • Collagen is made of a repeating unit of amino acids – glycine, proline and hydroxyproline (with other amino acids every now and then).
  • These chains are wound together as a triple helicy to form a collagen molecule.
28
Q

what is the ground substance in bones made up of?

A

Composed of:
- Proteoglycans (Core protein with GAG side chains Eg. Aggrecan)
- GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)
(Repeating disaccharides Eg. Chondroitin Sulphate, Keratan sulfate, Hyaluronic Acid)
- Fluid (GAGs attract water)

29
Q

define hydroxyapatite

A

flat plates of insoluble calcium phosphate salts

30
Q

what is 65-70% of bone made up of?

A

Inorganic calcium and phosphate salts (hydroxyapatite) deposited on the organic matrix

31
Q

what other things can be found in the inorganic bone in small amounts?

A
  • Small amounts of calcium carbonate and calcium fluoride
  • Can also take up small amounts of lead and other heavy metals (to remove from circulation). Holds onto them for a long time
32
Q

do bones have a high or low compressive strength? what is it?

A

high (170MPa)

33
Q

do bones have a high or low tensile strength? what is it?

A

weak (104-121 MPa)

34
Q

do bones have a high or low torsional strength? what is it?

A

very weak (51.6mPa)

35
Q

what is Wolff’s law?

A

Bones will change shape and structure according to the stresses placed on them

36
Q

what are the 2 catagories of bone cells?

A
  • osteoclasts (dissolve the bone)
  • osteoblast (build / maintain bone)
37
Q
A

[Y1] Anatomy and Physiology (23 decks)

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