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HES 101 > The Skeletal System- Bone Structure > Flashcards

The Skeletal System- Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is a long bone made up of?
(What is the middle shaft called and what are the ends called?)

A

Diaphysis- middle shaft.
Epiphysis- 2 ends

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2
Q

What is the articulated region of the epiphysis covered in?

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage (Articular Cartilage)

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3
Q

What is the outer bone covered in?

A

Covered with a membrane (periosteum)
It is dense irregular connective tissue.

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4
Q

The inner surface of bone is covered by a thin membrane called…

A

Endosteum

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5
Q

What bone marrow does the medullary cavity (in the diaphysis) contain?

A

Red and yellow bone marrow depending on bone and age of individual.

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6
Q

What are the two bone textures?

A

Compact and spongy bone

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7
Q

Does short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones have diaphysis, epiphysis, or medullary cavities?

What is the internal structure made up of?

A

No

Outer layer of thin compact bone, middle layer of spongy bone and bone marrow.

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8
Q

How is blood supply to flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones provided?

A

Provided by the vessels in the periosteum

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9
Q

Where do long bones get their blood supply from?

A

Get 1/3 of their blood supply from periosteum that supplies compact bone. The other 2/3 supplied by one or two nutrient arteries that enter bones in small hole in diaphysis (nutrient foramen)

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10
Q

What type of CT is Red bone marrow and what is it the cite of?

A

Loose CT.

Hematopiesis (blood cell formation)

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11
Q

Where is red Bone marrow in adults

A

Pelvis, proximal femur and humerus, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, scapula, and some bones of skull.

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12
Q

What type of CT is yellow bone marrow

A

Adipose tissue.

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13
Q

What is bone tissue composed of?

A

Mostly extra cellular matrix with a small population of cells scattered throughout.

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14
Q

The extra cellular matrix of the bone is made up of:

A

Inorganic Matrix- minerals make up about 65% of bones total weight.
Organic Matrix- consists of collagen fibres and usual ECM components. (35%)

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15
Q

What is the inorganic matrix made of?

A

Calcium and phosphorus salts. They exit as large molecules of hydroxyapatite crystals. Bicarbonate, potassium, magnesium, and sodium are also found in inorganic matrix

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16
Q

What is the organic matrix known as. What does it consist of?

A

Known as the osteoid. Consists of protein fibres, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins.

17
Q

Is collagen the predominant protein fibre in the organic matrix?

A

Yes- it forms cross link with one another.

18
Q

Three types of bone cells

A

OsteBlasts- build bone
OsteoClasts- remove bone
Osteocytes- mature bone cells

19
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts when stimulated by specific chemical signals.

20
Q

What do osteoBlasts secrete?

A

Organic matrix materials and assist in formation of inorganic matrix

21
Q

Do osteoblasts turn into osteocytes?

A

yes, osteoblasts eventually surround themselves with matrix in small cavities (lacunae) and become osteocytes that no longer actively synthesize bone matrix.

22
Q

What do mature osteocytes help with

A

Maintaining the extra cellular matrix of bone

23
Q

What are osteoclasts responsible for

A

Bone absorption

24
Q

What do osteoclasts secrete?

A

Hydrogen ions and enzymes. Hydrogen ions dissolve the inorganic matrix and enzymes break down the organic matrix.

25
Q

Where do the substances that get released from bone resorption go?

A

They are absorbed into the osteoclasts and then released into bloodstreams to be used elsewhere or excreted by body.

26
Q

What is compact bone organized by

A

osteoblasts

27
Q

What is spongy bone made from?

A

Made up of trabeculae that project into the marrow cavity. It is also called trabecular bone

28
Q

What is compact bone made of?

A

Osteons that are arranged in parallel to each other.

29
Q

What are osteons made up of?

A

Thin circular layers of bone called lamellae

30
Q

How many lamellae does each osteoblasts contain?

A

4-20 that are arranged in ring structures that make the bone very resistant to twisting and bending from many directions

31
Q

Where do osteocytes reside in?

A

Lacunae filled with extra cellular fluid

32
Q

What are canaliculi

A

Extensions of osteocytes that connect the lacunae to each other.

33
Q

What are perforating canals

A

Allow blood vessels and nerves to penetrate at the bone

34
Q

What does spongy bone do and what does it act as

A

Resists force from multiple directions. Acts as a protective structure for bone marrow tissue.

35
Q

What is spongy bone made of and does it have osteons?

A

Made up of trabeculae- projections of bone making a “web” to form the spongy bone. there are no osteons

36
Q

What are trabeculae made of

A

Made of lamellae with osteocytes localized to lacunae that communicate with each other through canaliculi

HES 101 (12 decks)

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