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thecell Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. cell is basic functional unit life
  2. all living things are made of cells
  3. all cells arise from preexisting cells
  4. cells carry genetic info in form of DNA, passed on from parent to daughter cells
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2
Q

rRNA assembled in

A

nucleolus

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3
Q

mitochondria reproduce via

A

binary fission

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4
Q

prok can be ___cellular

A

only unicellular

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5
Q

euk can be _____cellular

A

uni and multi

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6
Q

peroxisomes

A
  1. contain H2O2
  2. can break down long chain FA’s via beta-oxidation
  3. participate in phospholipid synthesis and pentose phosphate pathway
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7
Q

In the Golgi apparatus,

A

cellular products are modified, packaged, and directed to specific locations

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8
Q

Microfilaments are polymers of

A

actin

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9
Q

What microfilaments do

A
  1. structural support for the cell
  2. interact with myosin in causing muscle contraction
  3. help form cleavage furrow during cytokinesis
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10
Q

Microtubules are polymers of

A

tubulin

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11
Q

What microtubules do

A
  1. Create pathways for motor proteins such as kinesin and dynein
  2. Contribute to structure of flagella and cilia
  3. Form centrioles, which organize mitotic spindle
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12
Q

What intermediate filaments do

A
  1. cell-cell adhesion

2. maintenance of the integrity of the cytoskeleton; help anchor organelles

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13
Q

Examples of IF

A

keratin and desmin

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14
Q

What epithelial cells do

A
  1. protect from pathogens and desiccation
  2. absorb and secrete substances
  3. participate in sensation
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15
Q

Functional parts of the organ collectively termed

A

parenchyma

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16
Q

what epithelial cells form in most organs

A

the parenchyma

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17
Q

classification of epithelial cells based on number of layers they contain

A
  1. simple (one layer)
  2. stratified (many layers)
  3. pseudostratified (different heights thus appearing as many layers)
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18
Q

classification of epithelia by shape

A

columnar, cuboid, squamous (like scales)

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19
Q

what connective tissues do

A
  1. secrete materials to form extracellular matrix, which provides support structure of organ
  2. provide framework for epithelial cells
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20
Q

support structure of an organ is called the

A

stroma

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21
Q

Examples of connective tissues

A

CoBALT
cartilage, bone, adipose, ligaments, tendons….and…
cobalt is the color of blood

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22
Q

prokaryotic DNA

A

single circular molecule of DNA, nucleoid region

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23
Q

Three domains of life

A

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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24
Q

archaea have these similarities with eukarya

A

start tslation with methionine, have histones, similar RNA polymerases

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25
Q

archaea have these similarities with bacteria

A

binary fission or budding, singular circular molecule of DNA

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26
Q

There is one non-prokaryotic domain

A

bacteria

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27
Q

classification of bacteria by shape

A

CBS
cocci (round)
bacilli (rod)
spirilli (spiral)

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28
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen for metabolism

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29
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

cannot survive in oxygen-containing environments, can only carry out anaerobic metabolism

30
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

will toggle between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism based on the environment….why aren’t they called facultative aerobes?

31
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

they cannot do aerobic metabolism, but can survive in oxygen-containing environments

32
Q

Bacterial envelope

A

cell wall + cell membrane (gram - has outer and inner membrane)

33
Q

Gram +

A

wall of thick peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid, no outer membrane
(acid, as in H+, as in Gram +)

34
Q

Gram -

A

cell wall of thinner peptidoglycan and outer membrane composed of lipolysaccharides

35
Q

Chemotaxis

A

moving in response to chemical stimuli

36
Q

bacterial flagella

A

basal body, hook, flagellum (filament composed of flagellin)

37
Q

where prokaryotes carry out ETC

A

membrane

38
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes

A

30S and 50S

39
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

40S and 60S

40
Q

Plasmids that can integrate into the genome

A

episomes

41
Q

30S and 50S

A

prokaryotic ribosomes

42
Q

40S and 60S

A

eukaryotic ribosomes

43
Q

Acquisition of genetic material from the environment which gets integrated into bacterial geome

A

transformation (integrated into genome)

44
Q

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through a bridge

A

conjugation

45
Q

Necessary for formation of bridge

A

(conjugation bridge): sex factor such as fertility factor (F+)

46
Q

Cells in which, through transformation or another process, sex factor is integrated into genome

A

Hfr (high frequency of recombination)

47
Q

Why Hfr usually do not convey entire genome

A

mating bridge tends to break before completion

48
Q

Transduction

A

bacteriophage assembles with bit of bacterial DNA within it, and then releases that trapped DNA into host

49
Q

genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome

A

transposons (both euk and prok have them)

50
Q

Pattern of bacterial growth

A

lag, exponential, stationary, death

51
Q

Viral structure

A

nucleic acids, capsid (protein coat), and sometimes viral envelope

52
Q

individual viral particle

A

virion

53
Q

Part of bacteriophage which injects genetic material into host

A

tail sheath

54
Q

allows bacteriophage to attach to host cell

A

tail fibers

55
Q

nucleic acid composition of viruses

A

DNA or RNA, singe or double-stranded

56
Q

positive sense, viral nucleic acid

A

RNA which can be translated by host cell

57
Q

negative sense, viral nucleic acid

A

virus must carry RNA replicase for synthesis of complementary strand

58
Q

enzyme carried by negative-sense

A

RNA replicase

59
Q

Contain single-stranded RNA genome that gets tscribed into DNA

A

retrovirus

60
Q

Retroviruses carry this enzyme

A

reverse transcriptase

61
Q
  1. viral enzyme which makes RNA from RNA

2. viral enzyme which makes DNA from RNA

A
  1. RNA replicase

2. reverse transcriptase

62
Q

methods of viral infection

A
  1. fusion with membrane
  2. endocytosis
  3. injecting genome
63
Q

to be infected by virus, cell must have

A

specific receptor

64
Q

progeny release

A
  1. extrusion (endocytosis), in which host remains in tact
  2. cell death
  3. lysis
65
Q

cycle of virus who carries out extrusion

A

productive cycle

66
Q

lysogenic

A

integrated into genome, may enter lytic

67
Q

prions usually convert

A

alpha-helical to beta-pleated

68
Q

prion

A

infection protein that causes misfolding

69
Q

only plants are susceptible to these

A

viroids

70
Q

small circles of complementary RNA that can turn off genes

A

viroid

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