Theories of Speech Production Flashcards
Model describes speech production as a process where the speaker will attempt to attain a sequence of targets that will correspond to the sounds they are attempting to produce
target
What are the models of speech production?
- Target (spatial targets and acoustic-auditory targets)
- Feedback
- Feedforward
- Dynamic Systems Model
- Connectionist Model
Based on where the articulators are in relation to each other. Use of mental map (sequence of events) of where to place articulators to create specific sounds. This is measured at the articulators
Spatial targets
Based on the idea that sounds have certain acoustic elements. This is measured outside of the lips
acoustic-auditory targets
Output is compared with intended movements. If a difference is noted, then an error message is sent to the brain. This is a SLOW PROCESS and we know that movements for speech are very rapid.
If speech was dependent on this, disruption of those channels would have a serious negative effect on production
feedback
This system makes appropriate adjustments from the periphery (i.e. coming from the level of the muscles of the tongu).
This is a QUICK process
May explain why when a disturbance is present we can still intelligibly produce speech
feedforward
Muscles group together to achieve a particular target. There is not a set grouping that can be changed based on need.
Muscles in the group can provide compensatory movement if one of the muscles in the group are compromised
Dynamic Systems Model
The performance of steps necessary to successfully produce a sound are parallel rather than sequential.
This overlap will allow sounds to be impacted by one another as seen with the effects of coarticulation
Connectionist Model
What are the theories of speech perception?
- Motor Theory
- Acoustic Invariance Theory
- TRACE Model
- Cohort Theory
- Native Language Magnet Theory
The idea an individual can perceive speech because they can produce it. Speech is unique and relies on a special processor inside the brain.
This does not account for how infants unable to produce speech are able to discriminate speech sounds at a very young age.
Motor theory
For each distinct phoneme, there is a corresponding set of distinct acoustic features. A core of acoustic properties are always present and this allows us to recognize each sound. Listeners can pick out those essential features amidst the other variables of each sound production.
Acoustic Invariance Theory
Attempts to account for the multiple sources of information that is present in speech and how it is integrated. Information flows both in top down and bottom up processing manner.
TRACE Model
Interactive theory that focuses on the recognition of words rather than the acoustic phonetic aspects of speech.
This occurs in two stages:
The sound present in the beginning of a word will activate a person’s memory for all words with the same initial sounds
The listener eliminates all words which are not options based on context, linguistic experience and cognitive knowledge.
Cohort Theory
What are the two stages in the cohort theory?
The sounds present in the beginning of a word will activate a person’s memory for all words with the same initial sounds
The listener eliminates all words which are not options based on conetxt, linguistic experience and cognitive knowledge
Phonetic categories of language are organized in terms of prototypes. This organization occurs early in life (infancy) and serves as targets for speech production
Native Language Magnet Theory
