Thinking & Language

Question 1

Which major operations includes thinking?

Answer 1

describing, elaborating, deciding, planning, guiding action

Question 2

ingredients of thought

Answer 2

concepts, propositions, schemas, scripts, mental model, images, cognitive maps

Question 3

concept

Answer 3

categories of objects, events, ideas that have common properties

Question 4

prototype

Answer 4

a natural concept that possesses all or most of the characteristic features, e.g. robin (NOT penguin)

Question 5

proposition

Answer 5

a mental representation that expresses the relationship between two concepts

Question 6

schemas

Answer 6

generalizations about categories of objects, places, events, and people ( Our schemas help us understand the world. If you borrow a friend’s car, your “car” schema will give you a good idea of where the accelerator and brake are, and how to raise and lower the windows.
A schema might suggest that all grand- mothers are elderly, have gray hair, and bake a lot of cookies.)

Question 7

scripts

Answer 7

mental representations of familiar sequences of activity (e.g. going to the restaurant)

Question 8

mental models

Answer 8

set of propositions that represents people´s understanding of how things look & work

Question 9

images

Answer 9

mental representations of visual information

Question 10

cognitive maps

Answer 10

mental representations of familiar parts of the world

Question 11

mental set

Answer 11

the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist

Question 12

Confirmation bias

Answer 12

the tendency to pay more attention to evidence in support of one’s hypothesis about a problem than to evidence that refutes that hypothesis