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Anatomy- CVR > Thoracic cage > Flashcards

Thoracic cage Flashcards

1
Q

Where and why are external intercostal muscles important?

A

Superficial
Fibres down diagonally
Contraction moves ribs superiorly- mainly inspiration

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2
Q

Where and why are internal intercostal muscles important?

A

Deep to external
Fibres up diagonally
Contraction moves ribs inferiorly- mainly expiration

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3
Q

Innermost intercostal?

A

Posterior, deep
Fibres up diagonally
Might not be seen in cadavers

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4
Q

Label L and R

A
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5
Q

What does the neurovascular bundle do? (innervation)

A

Supplies intercostal muscles, overlying skin, underlying parietal pleura
● Nerves are somatic- contain motor and sensory fibres
Innervate intercostal muscles, skin of chest wall, parietal pleura
Also carry sympathetic fibres

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6
Q

What supplies the intercostal space? where from?

A

Anterior/posterior intercostal arteries
● Anterior intercostal arteries branches of internal thoracic artery
● Anterior veins drain into internal thoracic vein
● Posterior veins drain into azygos system
● Posterior intercostal arteries branches from descending aorta

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7
Q

What are the two types of pleura and where are they?

A

Parietal- inside of thorax
Visceral- surface lungs and extends into fissures

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8
Q

What lies between parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Pleural cavity

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8
Q

What lies between parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Pleural cavity

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9
Q

Which pleura can you see with the naked eye?

A

Parietal

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10
Q

What are the different types of pleura?
Apex lung?
Ribs?
Heart?
Diaphragm?

A

Cervical
Costal
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic

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11
Q

What is the place where the costal pleura becomes continuous with diaphragmic pleura called?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

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12
Q

What innervates the parietal pleura?

A

Intercostal nerve
Somatic sensory carry sensation to consciousness

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13
Q

What innervates the visceral pleura?

A

Autonomic sensory nerves
Don’t reach consciousness

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14
Q

Where is the apex of the lung?
What does the base of the lung sit on?

A

Labelled
Diaphragm

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15
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes- superior, middle, inferior

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16
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2- superior, inferior

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17
Q

What is the anterior extension on superior lobe called?

A

Lingula- extends over heart

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18
Q

What is the anterior extension on superior lobe called?

A

Lingula- extends over heart

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19
Q

What fissures do the lungs have? (L and R)

A

Left- one lobe
oblique fissure (separate superior and
inferior lobes)
Right- two lobes
oblique fissure (separate superior and
middle from inferior lobes)
- Horizontal fissure (separates superior
from middle lobe

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20
Q

Label

A
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21
Q

What indentations may you see on the left and right lung?

A

Left mediastinal- left ventricle, descending aorta
Right mediastinal- superior vena cava
- azygos vein

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22
Q

What makes up the root of the lung?

A

Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein- most anterior and inferior
Main bronchus

23
Q

Label

A
24
Q

Where does the artery, vein and bronchus enter?

A

Hilum

25
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate and into what?

A

Left and right main bronchi at lvl of sternal angle

26
Q

Which bronchus is shorter, wider and descends more vertically?

A

Right

27
Q

If an object enters the trachea which bronchus is it more likely to enter? and why?

A

Right

28
Q

What does the bronchus divide into, left and right?

A

Lobar bronchi- one for each lobe
3- right
2- left

29
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

bronchus- lobar- segmental bronchi- bronchioles- smaller bronchioles- alveoli

30
Q

What is function of alveoli?

A

Site of gas exchange

31
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there?

A

10

32
Q

What do the walls of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles contain?

A

Trachea, bronchi- smooth muscle and cartilage
Bronchioles- smooth
Under autonomic control

33
Q

What vessel carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries
Bronchial arteries from descending aorta

34
Q

What vessel returns oxygenated blood from lungs to heart?

A

Pulmonary veins
Bronchial veins- return blood to azygos system veins

35
Q

What type of nerves innervate lungs?

A

Autonomic

36
Q

What do parasympathetic fibres stimulate?

A

Constriction bronchial smooth muscle (bronchoconstriction)
Secretion glands of bronchial tree

37
Q

What do sympathetic fibres stimulate?

A

Relaxation bronchial smooth muscle (bronchodilation)
Inhibit gland secretion

38
Q

What sensations don’t reach conscious perception?

A

Visceral
Somatic innervate parietal

39
Q

Where does lymph from lung drain?

A

Venous system- thoracic/right lymphatic duct

40
Q

Where is the inferior border of lungs?

A

6, 8, 10

41
Q

Where does parietal pleura extend to?

A

8, 10, 12

42
Q

Where does the oblique fissure extend to?

A

4th rib to 6th costal cartilage

43
Q

Label

A
44
Q

What muscle forms the diaphragm?

A

Skeletal

45
Q

Function of diaphragm?

A

● Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
● Superior surface adjacent to parietal pleura
● Openings (apertures) in diaphragm allow passage of structures between thorax and abdomen (e.g. aorta, vena cava, oesophagus).
● Mechanics breathing (ventilation).

46
Q

Where is the diaphragm attached?

A

Xiphoid process, costal margin (tip 11th, 12th rib), lumbar vertabrae

47
Q

What is at central part diaphragm?

A

Central tendon

48
Q

What happens to diaphragm during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contracts
Fibres R and L domes pulled towards peripheral attachments- domes flatten
Increases intrathoracic volume for lungs expand

49
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

R and L phrenic nerves
Somatic
C3, 4, 5 KEEP THE DIAPHRAGM ALIVE- motor and sensory

50
Q

Function of pleural fluid

A

Create surface tension between parietal pleura (thoracic) and visceral pleura (surface lung\0
Keep membranes contact- prevent lung collapsing

51
Q

What happens in inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
Increasing intrathoracic volume
Lungs expand with thoracic wall (tension)
Pressure lungs decrease below ATM pressure- air drawn into lungs

52
Q

What happens in expiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, internal intercostal contract
Decreasing intrathoracic volume
Lungs recoil- decrease volume
Pressure lungs increase above ATM pressure
Air expelled from lungs

53
Q

Normal breathing what is inspiration and expiration?

A

Inspiration- active, driven by diaphragm
Expiration- passive

54
Q

What muscles does vigorous breathing use? (exercise)

A

Intercostal muscles
Active expiration- internal intercostal

55
Q

What muscles are used in forced breathing?

A

Accessory muscles of breathing
Sternocleidomastoid, pec major and minor, serratus anterior
Movement ribs

Anatomy- CVR (8 decks)

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