Thorax anatomy Flashcards
1) What is the number of rib pairs in domestic animals?
2) How does rib size relate to number?
3) How do ribs move in respiration?
4) Relate this to artificial respiration and the gallop.
1) Horse - 18, ruminant and dog - 13, pig - 15, human and camelids - 12
2) more ribs, means narrower ribs which are more mobile (horses have so many to accomodate a large lung volume for endurance)
3) Ribs move cranial/lateral with inspiration and caudal/medial during expiration
wider chest –> greater volume –> inspiration –> narrow chest –> less volume –> expiration
4) Gallop - synchronize respiration with gait. When the forelimbs hit the ground the body slows momentarily and the abdominal plunger causes expiration; as the body leaps forward inspiration occurs (caudal gut mov’t pushes diaphragm which pushes air out)
1) What are the major inspiratory muscles and what are their antagonists?
2) Compare the depth of the chest in dog, horse and ruminants?
3) Why the difference?
4) Where do the intercostal veins drain to?
1) the diaphragm, external intercostal and interchondral part of the intercostal muscles all work together to perform respiration. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles participate in inspiration while the abdominal muscles are their antagonists. Diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles participate in expiration.
2) ox have a wider rib cage and the sternum (in relation to the elbow) is lowest in the ox
horse has a more narrow rib cage (more mobile) and the sternum is lower than the dogs but not as low as the ox’s
ruminants>horse>dog
3) the chest is deeper in herbivores to make possible a deeper abdominal cavity since the abdominal muscles have extensive attachment to the rib cage. A deeper abdominal cavity is needed to accomodate the more massive abdominal viscera needed to digest plant material and allow time for fermentative action on fibrous material
4) azygos vein
1) Define (or locate) the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, semilunar valves and tracheal bronchus? What is the significant of RAT and LAMB?
2) If you had a choice as a veterinary surgeon of which side to put down in lateral recumbency, what side would you choose with regard to pulmonary fraction?
3) What side would you choose to correct a PDA?
1) RAT: Right Atrioventricular valve or Tricuspid valve
LAMB: Left Atrioventricular valve or Mitral or Bicuspid valve
Semilunar valves make up the pulmonary and aortic valves in the pulmonary trunk and aorta
tracheal bronchus is an additional bronchus that comes off the trachea perpendicular on R side cranial to the terminating primary bronchi –>R cranial lobe
2) Left lateral recumbency - less lobes being compressed –> less fraction?
3) R lateral recumbency, PDA would have to ascessed from left side
1) The subsinuosal and paraconal interventricular grooves of the heart take their names from what adjacent structures? (what sinus, what cone?)
2) Differentiate btw atrium and auricle, pectinate and papillary mm, ductus arteriosus and venosus.
3) Research vets are often asked to suggest the best species for use as an animal model to study various human health issues. Coronary artery disease is a huge subject for physicians. In that regard, what is the origin of the subsinusoidal artery in the dog, ruminant, horse and pig?
4) How does this affect the relative size of the coronary arteries in these species?
1) subsinuosal –> coronary sinus
paraconal –> conus arteriosus
2) auricle is the little wing part of the atrium and atrium is whole upper chamber
papillary mm - muscles on wall of heart which attach to chordae tendinae (which attach to cusps of AV valves)
pectinate mm -
ductus arteriosus - shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta
ductus venosus - shunt that diverts blood away from sinusoids and toward systemic veins
3) rum/dog –> L coronary, /pighorse –> R coronary
4) They are larger
1) How are the flaps of the AV valves names?
2) What prevents prolapse of these valves?
3) How many veins empty into the sinus venerum of dog, horse, pig and ruminants?
4) What is the crista terminalis and why is it named so?
1) RAT:–> septal, parieta and angular cusps
LAMB –> septal and parietal cusps
2) chordae tendinae/papillary mm
3) smooth-walled area of right atrium where blood is received from vena cavae and coronary sinus
dog –> great and middle cardiac veins
horse
pig
rum
4) junction between sinus venosus and heart in developing embryo; it is at the termination of the pectinate muscles
1) Sampling of metabolites from the myocardium is a useful tool for study of heart disease. As a lab vet how you advise a researcher interested in doing this? Which animal model and what route for venous sampling would be most easy to use and why?
2) Define: pluck, sweetbreads, brisket, withers, hilus, carina and os cordis
1) swine because they have L azygos vein only and it drains to cardiac vein
2) pluck
