Thorax Brandt

Question 1

The trachea is a hollow cylinder composed of a series of C-shaped cartilaginous rings ( Fig. 12.3 ).
The rings are completed posteriorly by a fl at band of muscle
and connective tissue called the ______

Answer 1

The trachea is a hollow cylinder composed of a series of C-shaped cartilaginous rings ( Fig. 12.3 ).
The rings are completed posteriorly by a fl at band of muscle
and connective tissue called the posterior tracheal membrane.

Question 2

The left lateral wall of the
distal trachea is indented by the ____

Answer 2

The left lateral wall of the
distal trachea is indented by the transverse portion of the aortic arch.

Question 3

The trachea is approximately ___ long in adults, with an
upper limit of normal coronal tracheal diameter of 25 mm in
men and 21 mm in women.

Answer 3

The trachea is approximately 12 cm long in adults, with an
upper limit of normal coronal tracheal diameter of 25 mm in
men and 21 mm in women.

Question 4

Bronchi gradually lose their cartilaginous support between
generations 1 and 12 to 15. Once this happens, these 1- to
3-mm airways are called ______

Answer 4

Bronchi gradually lose their cartilaginous support between
generations 1 and 12 to 15. Once this happens, these 1- to
3-mm airways are called bronchioles

Question 5

On the right, the _____
separates the middle from the upper lobe. The _______
separates the lower lobe from the upper lobe superiorly and
from the middle lobe inferiorly.

Answer 5

On the right, the minor fi ssure
separates the middle from the upper lobe. The major fi ssure
separates the lower lobe from the upper lobe superiorly and
from the middle lobe inferiorly.

Question 6

_____are fl attened squamous cells covering 95% of the alveolar surface
area and are invisible by light microscopy. These cells are incapable of mitosis or repair.

Answer 6

Type 1 pneumocytes are fl attened squamous cells covering 95% of the alveolar surface
area and are invisible by light microscopy. These cells are incapable of mitosis or repair.

Question 7

The_____are
cuboidal cells, which are visible under light microscopy and
are capable of mitosis. _____ are the source of
new pneumocytes and provide a mechanism for repair
following alveolar damage.. These cells are also thought to be
the source of alveolar surfactant, a phospholipid that lowers
the surface tension of alveolar walls and prevents alveolar collapse at low lung volumes

Answer 7

The rarer type 2 pneumocytes are
cuboidal cells, which are visible under light microscopy and
are capable of mitosis. Type 2 pneumocytes are the source of
new type 1 pneumocytes and provide a mechanism for repair
following alveolar damage

Question 8

The______is a sheet of
connective tissue that extends from the hilum superiorly to a
level at or just above the hemidiaphragm. Thus, it comprises
fused visceral and parietal pleura and binds the lower lobe to
the mediastinum and runs alongside the esophagus. The ligament contains the ______ superiorly and a
variable number of lymph nodes

Answer 8

The inferior pulmonary ligament is a sheet of
connective tissue that extends from the hilum superiorly to a
level at or just above the hemidiaphragm. Thus, it comprises
fused visceral and parietal pleura and binds the lower lobe to
the mediastinum and runs alongside the esophagus. The ligament contains the inferior pulmonary vein superiorly and a
variable number of lymph nodes

Question 9

The interstitial compartment that extends from the mediastinum and envelopes the
bronchovascular bundles is termed the _____

Answer 9

The interstitial compartment that extends from the mediastinum and envelopes the
bronchovascular bundles is termed the axial interstitium.

Question 10

The
axial fi ber system continues distally as the ____along with the arterioles, capillaries, and bronchioles
to provide support for the air-exchanging portions of the lung

Answer 10

The
axial fi ber system continues distally as the centrilobular interstitium along with the arterioles, capillaries, and bronchioles
to provide support for the air-exchanging portions of the lung

Question 11

The subpleural interstitium and interlobular septa are parts of _____

Answer 11

The subpleural interstitium and interlobular septa are parts of the peripheral interstitium

Question 12

The ____is a
thin network of fi bers that bridges the gap between the centrilobular and peripheral compartments

Answer 12

The intralobular interstitium is a
thin network of fi bers that bridges the gap between the centrilobular and peripheral compartments

Question 13

The____
nerves are not visible on CT scans, but run together in the space
between the subclavian arteries and brachiocephalic veins.

Answer 13

The phrenic and vagus
nerves are not visible on CT scans, but run together in the space
between the subclavian arteries and brachiocephalic veins.

Question 14

The posterior (postvascular) mediastinal compartment lies behind the pericardium and includes
________

Answer 14

The posterior (postvascular) mediastinal compartment lies behind the pericardium and includes
the esophagus, the descending aorta, the azygos and hemiazygos veins, the thoracic duct, and the intercostal and autonomic
nerves

Question 15

The pleural space is a potential space between the two pleural layers
and normally contains a small amount of fl uid ( ___) that
reduces friction during breathing.

Answer 15

The pleural space is a potential space between the two pleural layers
and normally contains a small amount of fl uid ( <5 mL) that
reduces friction during breathing.

Question 16

The
diaphragmatic muscle arises anteriorly from the ____ and anterolaterally, laterally, and
posterolaterally from the _____ costal cartilages
and ribs.

Answer 16

The
diaphragmatic muscle arises anteriorly from the posterior
aspect of the xiphoid process and anterolaterally, laterally, and
posterolaterally from the sixth to the twelfth costal cartilages
and ribs.

Question 17

The aortic hiatus lies in the midline, immediately behind the diaphragmatic crura and anterior to the ____vertebral body. The aorta, thoracic duct, and azygos
and hemiazygos veins traverse this opening.

Answer 17

The aortic hiatus lies in the midline, immediately behind the diaphragmatic crura and anterior to the twelfth
thoracic vertebral body. The aorta, thoracic duct, and azygos
and hemiazygos veins traverse this opening.

Question 18

The esophageal
hiatus usually lies slightly to the left of midline anterior to the ___ vertebral body, cephalad to the
aortic hiatus, and transmits the esophagus and vagus nerves.

Answer 18

10th thoracic

Question 19

The inferior vena cava pierces the central tendon of the diaphragm at the level of the ___ intervertebral disk
space.

Answer 19

The inferior vena cava pierces the central tendon of the diaphragm at the level of the eighth thoracic intervertebral disk
space.

Question 20

The ____ are triangular gaps in the
muscles of the anteromedial diaphragm.

Answer 20

The foramina of Morgagni are triangular gaps in the
muscles of the anteromedial diaphragm.

Question 21

Smallest bronchiole without airway exchange

Answer 21

terminal bronchiole (bronchioles bearing alveoli in their wall are termed respiratory bronchioles divided into alveolar ducts and sacs)

Question 22

The pulmonary
artery is an elastic artery that arises from the right ventricle
at approximately ____position relative to the ascending
aorta. These two structures then rotate from right to left as
they ascend in the mediastinum until the pulmonary artery
lies at the ____ position.

Answer 22

he pulmonary
artery is an elastic artery that arises from the right ventricle
at approximately 1-o’clock position relative to the ascending
aorta. These two structures then rotate from right to left as
they ascend in the mediastinum until the pulmonary artery
lies at the 5-o’clock position.

Question 23

The left pulmonary artery is a
direct continuation of the main pulmonary artery. The right
artery branches _______ with an angle close to
90 °

Answer 23

The left pulmonary artery is a
direct continuation of the main pulmonary artery. The right
artery branches just below the carina, with an angle close to
90 °

Question 24

The LLL artery is ____ to the left hilar bronchi and the right interlobar artery is ____ to the bronchus

Answer 24

hypoarterial
epiarterial (anterolateral)

Question 25

_________ are the primary nutrient vessels of the
lung. They supply blood to the bronchial walls to the level
of the terminal bronchioles. In addition, several mediastinal
structures receive a variable amount of blood supply from the
bronchial circulation. These include the _______

Answer 25

Bronchial Arteries are the primary nutrient vessels of the
lung. They supply blood to the bronchial walls to the level
of the terminal bronchioles. In addition, several mediastinal
structures receive a variable amount of blood supply from the
bronchial circulation. These include the tracheal wall, middle third of the esophagus, visceral pleura, mediastinal lymph
nodes, vagus nerve, pericardium, and thymus

Question 26

.There are two major lymphatic pathways in the lung and pleura. The ______
lymphatics, which reside in the vascular (innermost) layer of
the visceral pleura, form a network over the surface of the lung
that roughly parallels the margins of the secondary pulmonary
lobules. These peripheral lymphatics penetrate the lung to
course centrally within interlobular septa, along with the pulmonary veins, toward the hilum.

Answer 26

m. There are two major lymphatic pathways in the lung and pleura. The visceral pleural
lymphatics, which reside in the vascular (innermost) layer of
the visceral pleura, form a network over the surface of the lung
that roughly parallels the margins of the secondary pulmonary
lobules. These peripheral lymphatics penetrate the lung to
course centrally within interlobular septa, along with the pulmonary veins, toward the hilum.

Question 27

The_______lymphatics
originate in proximity to the alveolar septa (“juxta-alveolar
lymphatics”) and course centrally with the bronchoarterial
bundle.

Answer 27

The parenchymal lymphatics
originate in proximity to the alveolar septa (“juxta-alveolar
lymphatics”) and course centrally with the bronchoarterial
bundle.

Question 28

These perivenous lymphatics and
their surrounding connective tissue, when distended by fl uid,
account for the radiographic appearance of _______lines.

Answer 28

These perivenous lymphatics and
their surrounding connective tissue, when distended by fl uid,
account for the radiographic appearance of Kerley A lines.

Question 29

Radiographically,
edema of the peripheral and subpleural interstitium accounts
for _______ lines (or interlobular lines on HRCT) and “thickened” fi ssures on chest radiographs.

Answer 29

Radiographically,
edema of the peripheral and subpleural interstitium accounts
for Kerley B lines (or interlobular lines on HRCT) and “thickened” fi ssures on chest radiographs.

Question 30

a line drawn through the _____ anteriorly and
______ posteriorly divides the
mediastinum into superior and inferior compartments.

Answer 30

a line drawn through the sternal angle anteriorly and
fourth thoracic intervertebral space posteriorly divides the
mediastinum into superior and inferior compartments.

Question 31

The ___ are defects in the closure of the posterolateral diaphragm

Answer 31

Foramina of Bockdalek

Question 32

interalveolar channels :

Answer 32

interalveolar channels (pores of Kohn)

Question 33

channels
bridging preterminal bronchioles with alveoli

Answer 33

(canals of
Lambert).

Question 34

When the airspaces are rendered opaque by
the presence of intra-alveolar cellular material and fl uid, the
normally aerated bronchi become visible as tubular lucencies called

Answer 34

air bronchograms

Question 35

There are four basic mechanisms of atelectasis:

Answer 35

resorptive, relaxation, cicatricial, and
adhesive

Question 36

Rounded atelectasis is an uncommon form of atelectasis
in which the collapsed lung forms a round mass in the lower
lobe. This condition is most closely associated with _________but may be seen in any condition associated with an exudative (proteinaceous) pleural effusion.

Answer 36

Rounded atelectasis is an uncommon form of atelectasis
in which the collapsed lung forms a round mass in the lower
lobe. This condition is most closely associated with asbestosrelated pleural disease but may be seen in any condition associated with an exudative (proteinaceous) pleural effusion.

Question 37

Pulmonary Nodule refers to a discrete rounded opacity
within the lung, measuring less than___cm in diameter. A round
opacity greater than ___cm in diameter is termed a pulmonary
mass

Answer 37

3cm

Question 38

. A density through which the normal hilar vessels (interlobar artery,
upper lobe arteries, left descending artery) can be seen constitutes a “________sign, which indicates a mass superimposed on the hilum.

Answer 38

. A density through which the normal hilar vessels (interlobar artery,
upper lobe arteries, left descending artery) can be seen constitutes a “hilum overlay” sign, which indicates a mass superimposed on the hilum.

Question 39

The
lung–mass interface of mediastinal masses typically is well defi ned laterally, where it
is convex with the adjacent lung, and it creates ____angles
with the lung at its superior and inferior margins. This latter
characteristic is diagnostic of an extrapulmonary lesion,
whether intramediastinal or pleural

Answer 39

The
lung–mass interface of mediastinal masses typically is well defi ned laterally, where it
is convex with the adjacent lung, and it creates obtuse angles
with the lung at its superior and inferior margins. This latter
characteristic is diagnostic of an extrapulmonary lesion,
whether intramediastinal or pleural

Question 40

Signs of enlarged bronchopulmonary lymph nodes or hilar
mass on frontal chest radiographs include

Answer 40

Signs of enlarged bronchopulmonary lymph nodes or hilar
mass on frontal chest radiographs include hilar enlargement,
increased hilar density, lobulation of the hilar contour, and
distortion of central bronchi