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Anatomy #2- Thorax > Thorax introduction (ribs, sternum, muscles) > Flashcards

Thorax introduction (ribs, sternum, muscles) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the trunk?

A

What’s left after removing the head, neck, tail, and limbs

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2
Q

What cavities are part of the trunk?

A
  1. Thoracic cavity
  2. Abdominal cavity
  3. Pelvic cavity
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3
Q

What are cavities lined with?

A

All cavities are lined with mesothelium

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4
Q

Importance of thorax in terms of systems, diagnosis, and treatment

A

Systems- cardiovascular system, respiratory system
Diagnosis- auscultation (stethoscope), radiographs, percussion (listening for resonance)
Treatment- centesis

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5
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Cranial-most body cavity; cranial to diaphragm

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6
Q

Pleural cavity

A

2 (right or left) within the thoracic cavity which hold the lungs

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7
Q

Thoracic cage

A

Area within the ribs, above sternum, and below vertebral column

“space embraced by rib cage”

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8
Q

Thoracic cavity varies between species

A

Ex. Pug vs. greyhound

Greyhound has larger lung capacity and is faster because more sleek and narrow (less muscle)

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9
Q

Looking at outlines of the thoracic cavity

A

The outlines of the back, sternum (brisket), and costal arch do not equal the thoracic cavity because the diaphragm extends cranially into area encased in rib cage

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10
Q

What changes the size of the thoracic cavity

A
  1. Musculature of the forelimb
  2. Shape of the diaphragm
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11
Q

Diaphragm

A

Concave dome muscle within rib cage occupied by abdominal viscera (not thoracic viscera)
Important for separation of thorax and abdomen, and is the muscle for respiration

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12
Q

The effect of the Musculature of forelimbs on the thoracic cavity

A

Limb strength is a function of area whereas respiratory capacity is a function of volume.

Therefore larger animal will have a larger proportion of musculoskeletal tissue and lungs will be much smaller.

Ex. Lungs of dog relatively much larger than that of the horse and cow

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13
Q

Mediastinum

A

Middle wall separating the right and left pleural cavities

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14
Q

Why is the mediastinum shifted to the left?

A

The right lung has an extra lung lobe (3 instead of 2)

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15
Q

Movement of diaphragm and ribs during inspiration

A
  1. Ribs move cranially
  2. Diaphragm moves caudally
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16
Q

Ribs

A

Arranged in pairs and articulate with 2 successive vertebrate

Two parts that meet at costochondral junction:
1. Bony dorsal part= rib proper
2. Cartilaginous ventral part= costal cartilage

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17
Q

Numerical designation of ribs and vertebra

A

Caudal vertebra and rib will have the same numerical designation

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18
Q

Costochondral junction

A

Connection between the rib and its costal cartilage

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19
Q

Articulations of the ribs

A
  1. Dorsal part of rib articulates with vertebral column
  2. Ventral cartilaginous part articulates with the sternum (directly by true ribs, and indirectly by false ribs)
  3. Costal arch- the caudal ribs cartilaginous part will form the arch
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20
Q

Costal arch

A

Combination of the cartilages of the false ribs

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21
Q

Floating ribs

A

If the last rib does not connect its cartilage with its neighbour

22
Q

Bucket handle of the rib

A

Has 3 facets.

2 facets- Allows for articulation with each of the 2 vertebrate that each rib connects to, and the area in between connects with intervertebral disk and intercapital ligament

Other facet on the tubercle of the neck of rib connects to transverse process

23
Q

Joints of ribs

A
  1. Costo-vertebral (ball & socket joint)- connects ribs to vertebral column with intercapital ligament. Restricted mobility
  2. Costo-transverse (sliding joint)- connects facet on tubercle of rib with transverse costal facet on the transverse process of vertebra
    - Involves costo-transverse ligament (dorsal) and dorsal longitudinal ligament (ventral)
24
Q

Shape of body of rib

A

Long, curved in length, usually laterally flattened (especially in larger species and lower end)

25
Q

What muscles fill the space between the ribs?

A

The intercostal muscles

26
Q

Changes in rib shape as you move caudally

A

The first rib is always relatively strong, short and straight. Stumpy cartilage. Forms tight joint where other ribs may be drawn on inspiration

Next ribs will increase in length, curvature and caudoventral inclination

Last 2 or 3 might be shorter again

27
Q

What failure of ligaments causes issues at the intervertebral disk?

A

Intercapital ligament and dorsal longitudinal ligament

28
Q

Sternum

A

Three parts
1. Manubrium- Found at root of neck
- rod-like in dogs/cats, compressed in larger animals
- cylindrical in dogs, wide/flat in ruminants, ventral keel in horse

  1. Sternebrae (segments of the body of the bone)- many depressions that articulate with costal cartilage
  2. flat (xiphoid) cartilage- projects from lower part of the costal arches and supports the cranial part of the abdominal floor
29
Q

Thorax vertebrae and rib numbers

A
  • Number of thoracic vertebrae and ribs is equal
  • Rib number corresponds to vertebrae of caudal attachment
  • There is 1 sternebra less than the number of sternal ribs
30
Q

Canine vertebrate, ribs, sternabrae

A

V= 13
R= 9
S= 8

31
Q

Equine vertebrate, ribs, sternabrae

A

V= 18
R= 8
S= 7

32
Q

Ruminant vertebrate, ribs, sternabrae

A

V= 13
R= 8
S= 7

33
Q

Porcine vertebrate, ribs, sternabrae

A

V= 14-15
R= 7
S= 6

34
Q

Human vertebrate, ribs, sternabrae

A

V= 12
R= 7
S= 6

35
Q

Joints of the thoracic wall (sternebrae)

A
  1. Inter-sternal joints
  2. Costo-sternal joints
  3. Interchondral joints
36
Q

Inter-sternal joints

A

Synchondroses, later ossify

37
Q

Costo-sternal joints

A

Synovial and pivot joint

Sternum and costal cartilage of rib

38
Q

Interchondral joints

A
  • Asternal ribs- joining the costal cartilages of ribs
  • Syndesmoses, elastic
39
Q

Superficial muscles of the extrinsic muscles of the forelimb

A
  • Trapezius
  • Omotransversarius
  • Brachiocephalicus
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Superficial pectorals
40
Q

Best way to cut to find the thorax

A

Cut the pectorals and then the serratus ventralus

41
Q

Deep muscles of the extrinsic muscles of the forelimb

A
  • Thomboideus
  • Serratus ventralis
  • Deep pectoral
42
Q

What kind of connection is the thoracic girdle?

A

A synsarcosis

43
Q

Cranial Viewed muscles/landmarks of the extrinsic

A
  • Brachiocephalicus
  • Sternocephalicus
  • Jugular groove
  • Thoracic inlet
44
Q

Muscles of the thoracic wall

A

Important for respiration

Scalenus- stabilizes ribs during inspiration

Serratus dorsalis
- Attach median raphe and ribs
- Cranial part will have its serrated edge attaching to the ribs and will move the bucket handle forward (inspiration)
- Caudal part will be involved in expiration

Intercostals

Rectus thoracis

45
Q

Epaxial muscles (3 columns)

A
  1. Transversospinalis system
  2. Longissimus system
  3. Iliocostalis system
46
Q

Iliocostalis system

A
  • Arises from the ilium and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and inserts on the cranial lumbar vertebrae and ribs. Weak connection with neck
  • Helps in bending trunk to the side
47
Q

Longissimus system

A
  • Strongest. Connection into the head and neck
  • Top loin- don’t give injections here in production animals because don’t want to ruin meat
  • From ilium, the sacrum and mammillary processes; inserts at transverse processes and ribs
  • Also cranial part linked with the splenius which connects spines of withers to the skull. Covered by trapezius and rhomboideus
48
Q

Transversospinalis system

A
  • Most complex
  • Lies on and between the medial parts of the vertebral arches and the spinous processes
49
Q

Muscles of thoracic and abdominal walls (differences)

A
  • Very similar in muscle fiber direction
  • Difference is rectus abdominis fibers go longitudinally whereas rectus thoracis don’t
50
Q

Epaxial vs. hypaxial muscles

A

Epaxial: extensors of the vertebral column and are more powerful in animals that use a bounding gait (ex. dog)

Hypaxial: flexor muscles of the neck or tail

Anatomy #2- Thorax (11 decks)

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