Thryoid

Question 1

What are the three most common causes of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 1

Graves disease - diffuse hyperplasia
Multinodular nontoxic goiter
Adenoma
“GAG”

Question 2

What are the three most common causes of hypothyroidism?

Answer 2

1. Congenital hypothyroidism - result of endemic iodine deficiency
2. Autoimmune hypothyroidism - Hashimotos thyroiditis - most common cause in iodine sufficient areas
3. Iatrogenic
   “CAI”

Question 3

What is the most common cause of endogenous hyperthyroiditis?

Answer 3

Graves disease

Question 4

The following features are more likely for a thyroid nodule to be malignant, except. 
A. Thyroid nodule in a male
B. Multiple nodules
C. Thyroid nodule in a young patient
D. History of radiation therapy

Answer 4

B.

Remarks: a solitary thyroid nodule is more likely to be malignant compared to multiple nodules.

Question 5

True or false. Medullary thryroid carcinoma arise from thryroid epithelium.

Answer 5

False.

Question 6

What is the most common mutation in Follicular thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 6

Ras/ PI3k mutations

Question 7

What molecular mutation of papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with metastasis and extrathyroidal extension?

Answer 7

BRAF

Question 8

Radiation history often lead to Papillary thyroid carcinoma while history of ___ lead to Follicular thyroid carcinoma?

Answer 8

Iodine deficiency

Question 9

NIFTP is associated with what gene mutation?

Answer 9

RAS mutation

Question 10

Which papillary thyroid carcinoma variant is particularly common in children?

Answer 10

Diffuse sclerosing variant

Question 11

Tall cell variant of PTC is histologically defined as?

Answer 11

Height of the cell is 2 to 3 x the cell width and atleast 30 percent of the tumor should have tall cells.

Question 12

Tall cell variant has a mutation in this gene, hence its aggressive behavior.

Answer 12

BRAF