Tissues

Question 1

is a group of cells with similar structure and function, plus the extracellular substance surrounding them.

Answer 1

tissue

Question 2

is the study of tissues.

Answer 2

Histology

Question 3

types of tissues

Answer 3

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Question 4

a covering or lining tissue

Answer 4

epithelial

Question 5

a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body

Answer 5

connective

Question 6

a tissue that contracts or shortens, making movement possible

Answer 6

muscle

Question 7

responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities

Answer 7

nervous

Question 8

covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body. Included under the classification of epithelial tissue are the exocrine and endocrine glands.

Answer 8

epithelial tissues

Question 9

1. Mostly composed of cells
2. Covers body surfaces
3. Distinct cell surfaces
4. Cell and matrix connections
5. Nonvascular
6. Capable of regeneration

Answer 9

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

Question 10

1. Protects underlying structures
2. Acts as a barrier
3. Permits passage of substances
4. Secretes substances
5. Absorption of substances

Answer 10

Functions of Epitelial tissues

Question 11

Classification of Epithelial
are classified primarily according to the number of cell layers and the shape of the superficial cells. The cell layers can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. The cell shapes can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or a special transitional shape, that varies with the degree of stretch.

Answer 11

epithelial tissues

Question 12

consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface.

Answer 12

simple epithelium

Question 13

consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane.

Answer 13

stratified epithelium

Question 14

is a special type of simple epithelium, that appears to be falsely stratified.

It consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells attached to the basement membrane.

Due to variations in the shape of the cells, the epithelia appears stratified.

Answer 14

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 15

three types of epithelium based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells

Answer 15

1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar

Question 16

cells are flat or scalelike

Answer 16

squamous

Question 17

cells are cube-shaped—about as

wide as they are tall.

Answer 17

Cuboidal

Question 18

cells tend to be taller than they are wide.

Answer 18

Columnar

Question 19

is a single layer of thin, flat cells.

Some substances easily pass through this thin layer of cells, but other substances do not.

The lungs, simple squamous epithelium, allows for gas exchange.

The kidneys, simple squamous epithelium, helps filter wastes from the blood while keeping blood cells inside the blood vessels

Answer 19

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 20

is a single layer of cube-like cells that carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion.

They have a greater secretory capacity than simple squamous epithelial cells.

Answer 20

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 21

is a single layer of tall, thin cells.
The large size of these cells enables them to perform complex functions, such as secretion.
The simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine produces and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes.

Answer 21

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 22

secretes mucus, which covers its free surface.

Cilia in the airways move the mucus and accumulated debris toward the throat, where it is swallowed.

Answer 22

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 23

forms a thick epithelium because it consists of several layers of cells.

Though the deepest cells are cuboidal or columnar and are capable of dividing and producing new cells, the naming is based on the shape of the surface cells.

Answer 23

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 24

There are two types of stratified squamous epithelia:

Answer 24

keratinized stratified squamous nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia.

Question 25

The outer layer of the skin is comprised of a

Answer 25

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Question 26

Stratified squamous epithelium of the mouth is a moist provides protection against abrasion and acts as a mechanical barrier. Water, however, can move across it more readily than across the skin (keratinized stratified squamous

Answer 26

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Question 27

consists of more than one layer of cuboidal epithelial cells. This epithelial type is relatively rare and is found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, and the salivary glands. It functions in absorption, secretion, and protection.

Answer 27

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 28

consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells; the surface cells are columnar but the deeper cells are irregular or cuboidal in shape. Like stratified cuboidal epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium is relatively rare, found in the mammary gland ducts, the larynx, and a portion of the male urethra. This epithelium carries out secretion, protection, and some absorption.

Answer 28

Stratified columnar epithelium

Question 29

is a special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched. The shape of the cells change as the epithelium is stretched. lines cavities that can expand greatly, such as the urinary bladder. It also protects underlying structures, like the urinary bladder, from the caustic effects of urine.

Answer 29

Transitional Epithelium1

Question 30

that is not in contact with other cells and faces away from underlying tissues. can be smooth or lined with microvilli or cilia. Cilia move materials over the top of the cell. Microvilli increase surface area.

Answer 30

free cell surface

Question 31

have several structures that hold one cell to one another or to the basement membrane. These structures do three things: mechanically bind the cells together, help form a permeability barrier, and provide a mechanism for intercellular communication.

Answer 31

cells

Question 32

are mechanical links that bind cells together.

Answer 32

desmosomes

Question 33

are half desmosomes that anchor cells to the basement membrane.

Answer 33

hemidesmosomes

Question 34

prevent the passage of materials between epithelial cells because they completely surround each cell, similar to the way a belt surrounds the waist. Materials that pass through the epithelial layer must pass through the cells, so those cells regulate what materials can cross. are found in the lining of the intestines.

Answer 34

tight junctions

Question 35

are small channels that allow small molecules and ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an adjacent one. Most epithelial cells are connected to one another by gap junctions, and researchers believe that molecules or ions moving through the gap junctions act as communication signals to coordinate the activities of the cells.

Answer 35

gap junctions

Question 36

is a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body. differs from the other three tissue types in that it consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix. is diverse in both structure and function. is comprised of cells, protein fibers, and an extracellular matrix.

Answer 36

connective tissue

Question 37

1. Enclose and separate other tissues 2. Connecting tissues to one another 3. Supporting and moving parts of the body 4. Storing compounds 5. Cushioning and insulating 6. Transporting 7. Protecting

Answer 37

functions of connective tissue

Question 38

The specialized cells of the various connective tissues produce the

Answer 38

extracellular matrix

Question 39

form bone, osteocytes maintain it, and osteoclasts break it down.

Answer 39

Osteoblasts

Question 40

are cells that form fibrous connective tissue, and fibrocytes maintain it.

Answer 40

Fibroblasts

Question 41

form cartilage and chondrocytes maintain it. Found in connective tissue are cells associated with the immune system, such as white blood cells.

Answer 41

Chondroblasts

Question 42

are large cells that are capable of moving about and ingesting foreign substances, including microorganisms in the connective tissue.

Answer 42

Macrophages

Question 43

are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote inflammation.

Answer 43

Mast cells

Question 44

has three major components: protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid. Ground substance consists of non-fibrous protein and other molecules. The structure of the matrix is responsible for the functional characteristics of connective tissues— for example, they enable bones and cartilage to bear weight.

Answer 44

extracellular matrix

Question 45

which resemble microscopic ropes, are very flexible but resist stretching.

Answer 45

Collagen fibers

Question 46

are very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network.

Answer 46

Reticular fibers

Question 47

have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality.

Answer 47

Elastic fibers

Question 48

The ground substance consists of non-fibrous molecules and is shapeless. . It consists of proteoglycans, which are large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides.

Answer 48

Matrix Ground Substance

Question 49

trap large quantities of water between the polysaccharides, which allows them to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed.

Answer 49

Proteoglycans

Question 50

The two main types of connective tissue are

Answer 50

embryonic and adult connective tissue.

Question 51

primarily consists of collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers. The most common cells in loose connective tissue are the fibroblasts. 54

Answer 51

Areolar connective tissue

Question 52

consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.

Answer 52

Loose connective tissue

Question 53

consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage.

Answer 53

Adipose tissue

Question 54

forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver.

Answer 54

Reticular tissue

Question 55

has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space. There are two major subcategories of dense connective tissue: collagenous and elastic. Dense collagenous connective tissue has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers.

Answer 55

Dense connective tissue

Question 56

tissue has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers. having the collagen fibers oriented in the same direction is termed dense regular.

Answer 56

Dense collagenous connective tissue

Question 57

has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space.

Answer 57

Dense connective tissue

Question 58

has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers. The elastic fibers allow the tissue to stretch and recoil.

Answer 58

demse elastic connective tissue

Question 59

is composed of chondrocytes, located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix

Answer 59

Cartilage

Question 60

is the most abundant type of cartilage and has many functions, such as covering the ends of bones, where they form joints.

Answer 60

Hyaline Cartilage

Question 61

has more collagen than does hyaline cartilage and is able to withstand compression and resist tearing or pulling.

Answer 61

fibrocartilage

Question 62

is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix. Osteocytes are located within lacunae.

Answer 62

bone

Question 63

has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge

Answer 63

spongy bone

Question 64

is more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix.

Answer 64

compact bone

Question 65

is a liquid connective tissue It contains a liquid matrix, termed the plasma, along with formed elements.

Answer 65

blood

Question 66

The main function of muscle tissue

Answer 66

is to contract, or shorten, making movement possible.

Question 67

attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move.

Answer 67

skeletal muscles

Question 68

is the muscle of the heart; it is responsible for pumping blood.

Answer 68

cardiac muscle

Question 69

forms the walls of hollow organs; it is also found in the skin and the eyes.

Answer 69

smooth muscles

Question 70

forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Answer 70

nervous tissues

Question 71

Nervous tissue consists of neurons and support cells, termed

Answer 71

glial cells

Question 72

is responsible for conducting action potentials.

Answer 72

neuron

Question 73

is a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity.

Answer 73

tssue membrane

Question 74

cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts

Answer 74

mucous membranes line

Question 75

that do not open to the exterior of the body, such as the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities.

Answer 75

Serous membranes line

Question 76

the cavities of freely movable joints.

Answer 76

Synovial membranes line

Question 77

is usually a beneficial process occurring when tissues are damaged.

Answer 77

Inflammation

Question 78

involves substitution of dead cells for viable cells.

Answer 78

tissue repair

Question 79

can completely repair some tissues, such as the skin and the mucous membrane of the intestine. In these cases, regeneration is accomplished primarily by stem cells.

Answer 79

regeneration

Question 80

are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue to divide throughout life.

Answer 80

Stem cells