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Theoretical Basic of Nursing > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

is a group of cells with similar structure and function, plus the extracellular substance surrounding them.

A

tissue

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2
Q

is the study of tissues.

A

Histology

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3
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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4
Q

a covering or lining tissue

A

epithelial

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5
Q

a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body

A

connective

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6
Q

a tissue that contracts or shortens, making movement possible

A

muscle

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7
Q

responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities

A

nervous

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8
Q

covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body. Included under the classification of epithelial tissue are the exocrine and endocrine glands.

A

epithelial tissues

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9
Q
  1. Mostly composed of cells
  2. Covers body surfaces
  3. Distinct cell surfaces
  4. Cell and matrix connections
  5. Nonvascular
  6. Capable of regeneration
A

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

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10
Q
  1. Protects underlying structures
  2. Acts as a barrier
  3. Permits passage of substances
  4. Secretes substances
  5. Absorption of substances
A

Functions of Epitelial tissues

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11
Q

Classification of Epithelial
are classified primarily according to the number of cell layers and the shape of the superficial cells. The cell layers can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. The cell shapes can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or a special transitional shape, that varies with the degree of stretch.

A

epithelial tissues

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12
Q

consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface.

A

simple epithelium

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13
Q

consists of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane.

A

stratified epithelium

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14
Q

is a special type of simple epithelium, that appears to be falsely stratified.

It consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells attached to the basement membrane.

Due to variations in the shape of the cells, the epithelia appears stratified.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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15
Q

three types of epithelium based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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16
Q

cells are flat or scalelike

A

squamous

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17
Q

cells are cube-shaped—about as

wide as they are tall.

A

Cuboidal

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18
Q

cells tend to be taller than they are wide.

A

Columnar

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19
Q

is a single layer of thin, flat cells.

Some substances easily pass through this thin layer of cells, but other substances do not.

The lungs, simple squamous epithelium, allows for gas exchange.

The kidneys, simple squamous epithelium, helps filter wastes from the blood while keeping blood cells inside the blood vessels

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

is a single layer of cube-like cells that carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion.

They have a greater secretory capacity than simple squamous epithelial cells.

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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21
Q

is a single layer of tall, thin cells.
The large size of these cells enables them to perform complex functions, such as secretion.
The simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine produces and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes.

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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22
Q

secretes mucus, which covers its free surface.

Cilia in the airways move the mucus and accumulated debris toward the throat, where it is swallowed.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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23
Q

forms a thick epithelium because it consists of several layers of cells.

Though the deepest cells are cuboidal or columnar and are capable of dividing and producing new cells, the naming is based on the shape of the surface cells.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

There are two types of stratified squamous epithelia:

A

keratinized stratified squamous nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia.

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25
Q

The outer layer of the skin is comprised of a

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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26
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium of the mouth is a moist

provides protection against abrasion and acts as a mechanical barrier.

Water, however, can move across it more readily than across the skin (keratinized stratified squamous

A

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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27
Q

consists of more than one layer of cuboidal epithelial cells.

This epithelial type is relatively rare and is found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, and the salivary glands.
It functions in absorption, secretion, and protection.

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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28
Q

consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells; the surface cells are columnar but the deeper cells are irregular or cuboidal in shape.

Like stratified cuboidal epithelium, stratified columnar epithelium is relatively rare, found in the mammary gland ducts, the larynx, and a portion of the male urethra.

This epithelium carries out secretion, protection, and some absorption.

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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29
Q

is a special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched.

The shape of the cells change as the epithelium is stretched.

lines cavities that can expand greatly, such as the urinary bladder.

It also protects underlying structures, like the urinary bladder, from the caustic effects of urine.

A

Transitional Epithelium1

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30
Q

that is not in contact with other cells and faces away from underlying tissues.

can be smooth or lined with microvilli or cilia.

Cilia move materials over the top of the cell. Microvilli increase surface area.

A

free cell surface

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31
Q

have several structures that hold one cell to one another or to the basement membrane.
These structures do three things: mechanically bind the cells together, help form a permeability barrier, and provide a mechanism for intercellular communication.

A

cells

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32
Q

are mechanical links that bind cells together.

A

desmosomes

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33
Q

are half desmosomes that anchor cells to the basement membrane.

A

hemidesmosomes

34
Q

prevent the passage of materials between epithelial cells because they completely surround each cell, similar to the way a belt surrounds the waist.

Materials that pass through the epithelial layer must pass through the cells, so those cells regulate what materials can cross.

are found in the lining of the intestines.

A

tight junctions

35
Q

are small channels that allow small molecules and ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an adjacent one.

Most epithelial cells are connected to one another by gap junctions, and researchers
believe that molecules or ions moving through the gap junctions act as communication signals to coordinate the activities of the cells.

A

gap junctions

36
Q

is a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body.

differs from the other three tissue types in that it consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix.

is diverse in both structure and function.

is comprised of cells, protein fibers, and an extracellular matrix.

A

connective tissue

37
Q
  1. Enclose and separate other tissues
  2. Connecting tissues to one another
  3. Supporting and moving parts of the body 4. Storing compounds
  4. Cushioning and insulating
  5. Transporting
  6. Protecting
A

functions of connective tissue

38
Q

The specialized cells of the various connective tissues produce the

A

extracellular matrix

39
Q

form bone, osteocytes maintain it, and osteoclasts break it down.

A

Osteoblasts

40
Q

are cells that form fibrous connective tissue, and fibrocytes maintain it.

A

Fibroblasts

41
Q

form cartilage and chondrocytes maintain it.

Found in connective tissue are cells associated with the immune system, such as white blood cells.

A

Chondroblasts

42
Q

are large cells that are capable of moving about and ingesting foreign substances,

including microorganisms in the connective tissue.

A

Macrophages

43
Q

are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote inflammation.

A

Mast cells

44
Q

has three major components: protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid.

Ground substance consists of non-fibrous protein and other molecules.

The structure of the matrix is responsible for the functional characteristics of connective tissues— for example, they enable bones and cartilage to bear weight.

A

extracellular matrix

45
Q

which resemble microscopic ropes, are very flexible but resist stretching.

A

Collagen fibers

46
Q

are very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network.

A

Reticular fibers

47
Q

have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality.

A

Elastic fibers

48
Q

The ground substance consists of non-fibrous molecules and is shapeless. .

It consists of proteoglycans, which are large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides.

A

Matrix Ground Substance

49
Q

trap large quantities of water between the polysaccharides, which allows them to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed.

A

Proteoglycans

50
Q

The two main types of connective tissue are

A

embryonic and adult connective tissue.

51
Q

primarily consists of collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers.
The most common cells in loose connective tissue are the fibroblasts.
54

A

Areolar connective tissue

52
Q

consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.

A

Loose connective tissue

53
Q

consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage.

A

Adipose tissue

54
Q

forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and the liver.

A

Reticular tissue

55
Q

has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space.
There are two major subcategories of dense connective tissue: collagenous and elastic.
Dense collagenous connective tissue has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers.

A

Dense connective tissue

56
Q

tissue has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers.

having the collagen fibers oriented in the same direction is termed dense regular.

A

Dense collagenous connective tissue

57
Q

has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space.

A

Dense connective tissue

58
Q

has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers.

The elastic fibers allow the tissue to stretch and recoil.

A

demse elastic connective tissue

59
Q

is composed of chondrocytes, located in spaces called lacunae within an extensive matrix

A

Cartilage

60
Q

is the most abundant type of cartilage and has many functions, such as covering the ends of bones, where they form joints.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

61
Q

has more collagen than does hyaline cartilage and is able to withstand compression and resist tearing or pulling.

A

fibrocartilage

62
Q

is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix. Osteocytes are located within lacunae.

A

bone

63
Q

has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge

A

spongy bone

64
Q

is more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix.

A

compact bone

65
Q

is a liquid connective tissue

It contains a liquid matrix, termed the plasma, along with formed elements.

A

blood

66
Q

The main function of muscle tissue

A

is to contract, or shorten, making movement possible.

67
Q

attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to move.

A

skeletal muscles

68
Q

is the muscle of the heart; it is responsible for pumping blood.

A

cardiac muscle

69
Q

forms the walls of hollow organs; it is also found in the skin and the eyes.

A

smooth muscles

70
Q

forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

A

nervous tissues

71
Q

Nervous tissue consists of neurons and support cells, termed

A

glial cells

72
Q

is responsible for conducting action potentials.

A

neuron

73
Q

is a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity.

A

tssue membrane

74
Q

cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts

A

mucous membranes line

75
Q

that do not open to the exterior of the body, such as the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities.

A

Serous membranes line

76
Q

the cavities of freely movable joints.

A

Synovial membranes line

77
Q

is usually a beneficial process occurring when tissues are damaged.

A

Inflammation

78
Q

involves substitution of dead cells for viable cells.

A

tissue repair

79
Q

can completely repair some tissues, such as the skin and the mucous membrane of the intestine. In these cases, regeneration is accomplished primarily by stem cells.

A

regeneration

80
Q

are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that continue to divide throughout life.

A

Stem cells

Theoretical Basic of Nursing (2 decks)

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