Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Everyweek > top100 > Flashcards

top100 Flashcards

1
Q

Finasteride

A

5a reductase inhibitor for BPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

doxazosin

A

alpha blocker
first line for BPH
Add on for resistant HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tamsulosin

A

alpha blocker
first line for BPH
Add on for resistant HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

doxazosin

A

alpha blocker
first line for BPH
Add on for resistant HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Donepezil

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease (Dementia)
If you stop donepezil abruptly it can cause a decline in cognition!
Side effect: bradycardia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rivastigmine

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

acetylcysteine

A

N-acetylcysteine
For paracetamol poisoning
To prevent renal injury due to contrast nephrropathy
To reduce viscosity of respiratory secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Activated charcoal

A

Single dose To reduce absorption of certain poisons

Multiple doses to increase elimination of certain poisons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adenosine

A

First line for supraventricular tachycardia (AVRT and AVNRT. If asthmatic give verapamil ccb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Adrenaline

A

Cardiac arrest cardiac arrest: 10ml 1:10,000 IV or 1ml of 1:1000 IV adults
Anaphylaxis 0.5ml 1:1,000 IM adults
Local vasoconstriction by injectting directly into tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spironolactone

A

Aldosterone (RAAS) antagonist
Ascites and oedema due to liver cirrhosis
Chronic heart failure
Primary hyperaldosteronism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Eplerenone

A

Aldosterone (RAAS) antagonist
Ascites and oedema due to liver cirrhosis
Chronic heart failure
Primary hyperaldosteronism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gaviscon

A

Alginic acid
Management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (heart burn)
Dyspepsia (indigestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Peptac

A

SODIUM ALGINATE WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE AND SODIUM BICARBONATE
(Alginic acid)
Management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (heart burn)
Dyspepsia (indigestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Allopurinol

A

To prevent recurrent attacks of gout. It is a urate-lowering therapy and should be offered to all patients after their first attack of gout.
To prevent uric acid and calcium oxalate renal stones
To prevent hyperuriccaemia and tumour lysis syndrome associated with chemotherapy: Patients at high risk of TLS should be given IV allopurinol or IV rasburicase immediately prior to and during the first days of chemotherapy.Patients in lower-risk groups should be given oral allopurinol during chemotherapy cycles in an attempt to avoid the condition. Rasburicase and allopurinol should not be given together in the management of tumour lysis syndrome as this reduces the effect of rasburicase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gentamicin

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotic
Used to treat severe infections, particularly those caused by gram negative aerobes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

Side effect of nephrotoxicity and cytotoxicity.
▴Ototoxicity is more likely if aminoglycosides are co-prescribed with loop diuretics (e.g. furosemide) or vancomycin. ▴Nephrotoxicity is more likely if aminoglycosides are co-prescribed with ciclosporin, platinum chemotherapy, cephalosporins or vancomycin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Amikacin

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotic
Used to treat severe infections, particularly those caused by gram negative aerobes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

Side effect of nephrotoxicity and cytotoxicity.
▴Ototoxicity is more likely if aminoglycosides are co-prescribed with loop diuretics (e.g. furosemide) or vancomycin. ▴Nephrotoxicity is more likely if aminoglycosides are co-prescribed with ciclosporin, platinum chemotherapy, cephalosporins or vancomycin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neomycin

A

Aminoglycoside antitbiotic
Used to treat severe infections, particularly those caused by gram negative aerobes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

Side effect of nephrotoxicity and cytotoxicity.
▴Ototoxicity is more likely if aminoglycosides are co-prescribed with loop diuretics (e.g. furosemide) or vancomycin. ▴Nephrotoxicity is more likely if aminoglycosides are co-prescribed with ciclosporin, platinum chemotherapy, cephalosporins or vancomycin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mesalazine

A

Aminosalicylate (5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA))
Treatment of mild-moderate ulcerative colitis

Mesalazine and sulfasalazine are salicylates, like aspirin. Patients who have ✗aspirin hypersensitivity should not take these drugs.

SE: Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, oligospermia

Aminosalicylates are associated with a variety of haematological adverse effects, including agranulocytosis - FBC is a key investigation in an unwell patient taking them.
a delayed release form of 5-ASA
sulphapyridine side-effects seen in patients taking sulphasalazine are avoided
mesalazine is still however associated with side-effects such as GI upset, headache, agranulocytosis, pancreatitis*, interstitial nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sulfasalazine

A

Aminosalicylates (5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA))
Disease-modifying drug for Rheumatoid arthritis

Mesalazine and sulfasalazine are salicylates, like aspirin. Patients who have ✗aspirin hypersensitivity should not take these drugs.

SE: Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, oligospermia

a combination of sulphapyridine (a sulphonamide) and 5-ASA
many side-effects are due to the sulphapyridine moiety: rashes, oligospermia, headache, Heinz body anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia, lung fibrosis
other side-effects are common to 5-ASA drugs (see mesalazine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Antibiotic Drugs that can cause harm in pregnancy

A

Trimethoprim
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anticoagulant drugs that can cause harm in pregnancy

A

Warfarin

Heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Antiepileptic drugs that can cause harm in pregnancy

A

Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Valproate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cardiovascular drugs that can cause harm in pregnancy

A

ACE inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Psychiatric drugs that can cause harm in pregnancy

A

Benzodiazepines
SSRIs
SNRIs
Tricyclics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Analgesic drugs that can cause harm in pregnancy

A

Opioids, NSAIDs (third trimester)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Other drugs that can cause harm in pregnancy

A

Systemic corticosteroidss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Medications dangerous in the elderly

A

Benzodiazepines
Hypnotics
Sedating antidepressants (Amitrriptyline, mirtazepine)
Opiates (codeine, tramadol)
Antiepileptics (Phenytoin, cabamazepine)
Alphablockers (Doxazocin, Tamsulosin)
Diuretics (Bendroflumethiazide, Indapamide)
Betablockers (Atenolol, bisoprolol)
Ace inhibitors (Ramipril, lisinopril)
Sedating antihistamines (Piriton)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Non COX-2 selective NSAIDS

A 
Ibuprofen 
Naproxen 
Diclofenac 
Indomethacin 
Piroxicam
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Amiodarone

A

Rhythm control: Tachyarrhythmias: Afib, Aflutter, SVT, VTT and refractory vF.
Avoid in pts with severe hypotension, heart block and active thyroid disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ramipril

A

Ace inhibitor:

1) HTN in white ppl <55 or those with T2DM
2) First line for Chronic heart failure
3) Ischaemic heart disease
4) Diabetic nephropathy
5) CKD with proteinuriaa

SE: Hypotension, persistent dry cough, hyperkaalaemia, angioedema, renal failure, anaphylactoid reactions

Avoid in people with: renal artery stenosis or AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lisinopril

A

Ace inhibitor:

1) HTN in white ppl <55 or those with T2DM
2) First line for Chronic heart failure
3) Ischaemic heart disease
4) Diabetic nephropathy
5) CKD with proteinuriaa

SE: Hypotension, persistent dry cough, hyperkaalaemia, angioedema, renal failure, anaphylactoid reactions

Avoid in people with: renal artery stenosis or AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Perindopril

A

Ace inhibitor:

1) HTN in white ppl <55 or those with T2DM
2) First line for Chronic heart failure
3) Ischaemic heart disease
4) Diabetic nephropathy
5) CKD with proteinuriaa

SE: Hypotension, persistent dry cough, hyperkaalaemia, angioedema, renal failure, anaphylactoid reactions

Avoid in people with: renal artery stenosis or AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Losartan,

A

Angiotensin receptor blockers

1) HTN IF <55 white or T2DM
2) First line for CHF
3) Ischaemic heart disease
4) Diabetic Nephropathy and CKD with proteinuria

SE: Hypotensison, hyperkalemia, renal failure

Avoid in people with: renal artery stenosis or AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

-artan

A

Angiotensin receptor blockerss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Candesartan

A

Angiotensin receptor blockers

1) HTN if <55 or T2DM
2) First line for CHF
3) Ischaemic heart disease
4) Diabetic Nephropathy and CKD with proteinuria

SE: Hypotensison, hyperkalemia, renal failure

Avoid in people with: renal artery stenosis or AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

irbesartan

A

Angiotensin receptor blockers

1) HTN if <55 or T2DM
2) First line for CHF
3) Ischaemic heart disease
4) Diabetic Nephropathy and CKD with proteinuria

SE: Hypotensison, hyperkalemia, renal failure

Avoid in people with: renal artery stenosis or AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Citalopram

A

SSRI antidepressant

1) Moderate to severe depression
2) Panic disorder
3) OCD

SE: Hyponatraemia, prolong QT interval, serotonin syndrome, GI disturbance, weight changes, sudden withdrawal! Skin rash, reduce seizure threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

escitalopram

A

SSRI antidepressant

1) Moderate to severe depression
2) Panic disorder
3) OCD

SE: Hyponatraemia, prolong QT interval, serotonin syndrome, GI disturbance, weight changes, sudden withdrawal! Skin rash, reduce the seizure threshold

40
Q

Fluoxetine

A

SSRI antidepressant

1) Moderate to severe depression
2) Panic disorder
3) OCD

SE: Hyponatraemia, prolong QT interval, serotonin syndrome, GI disturbance, weight changes, sudden withdrawal! Skin rash, reduce the seizure threshold

41
Q

Sertraline

A

SSRI antidepressant

1) Moderate to severe depression
2) Panic disorder
3) OCD

SE: Hyponatraemia, prolong QT interval, serotonin syndrome, GI disturbance, weight changes, sudden withdrawal! Skin rash, reduce the seizure threshold

42
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Tricyclic Antidepressant

1) Moderate to severe depression when SSRI not worked
2) Neuropathic pain

SE
1)Blockade of antimuscarinic receptors:
-Dry mouth 
-Constipation 
-Urinary retention 
-Blurred vision 
2) Blockage of H1 & A1 receptors:
-sedation 
-Hypotension 
3) Cardiac adverse effects:
-Arrhythmias 
-ECG changes: prolongation of QT and WRS durations 
sudden withdrawal symptoms! 
Sexual dysfunction, breast changes

CI: Monoamine oxidase inhibitorrss

43
Q

Lofepramine

A

Tricyclic Antidepressant

1) Moderate to severe depression when SSRI not worked
2) Neuropathic pain

SE
1)Blockade of antimuscarinic receptors:
-Dry mouth 
-Constipation 
-Urinary retention 
-Blurred vision 
2) Blockage of H1 & A1 receptors:
-sedation 
-Hypotension 
3) Cardiac adverse effects:
-Arrhythmias 
-ECG changes: prolongation of QT and WRS durations 
sudden withdrawal symptoms! 
Sexual dysfunction, breast changes

CI: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors!

44
Q

Prescribing steroids to elderly patients

A

Additionally prescribe calcium (and bispshosphonates)

45
Q

Colchicine

A

An antiinflmamattory medication. Colchicine is a medication used to treat gout and Behçet’s disease. In gout, it is less preferred to NSAIDs or steroids. Colchicine is indicated for the prophylaxis and treatment of gout flares. It is also indicated in Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) in children and adults of 4 years of age and older. It is important to note that this medication is not a pain reliever to be used for other painful conditions. Consider analgesics for this purpose

46
Q

Management of acute gout

A

Treatment is a 2 step approach

1) Treat acute attack
- NSAID
- COLCHICINE
2) lower serum urate below target
- Allopurinol
- Febuxostat

47
Q

Antiresorptives

A

reduce osteoclast number/function

48
Q

Anabolics

A

increase Osteoblast activity

49
Q

Antiresorptives

A

reduce osteoclast number/function

Bisphosphonates
RANKL inhibitors
SERM (selective oestrogen reuptake modulators)
(Dual acttion agents- stronttium ranelate)
Oestrogens

50
Q

Anabolics

A

increase Osteoblast activity
Synthetic PTH
Dual action aagents (strontium ranelate)

51
Q

Osteoporosis first line management

A 
Oral bisphosphonates -alendronate 
Consider switching if: 
CI to bisphosphonate 
Intolerant 
Treatment failure
Rare SE of bisphosphonates 
• Osteonecrosis of the jaw
– Rare in OP pts <1:10 000
– Prevention better than cure
– See Dentist before and during 
treatment
• Atypical Femoral fractures
– Association with bisphosphonates
– Rare
– ?causative
– Ask about unusual thigh pai

Contraindications:
Severe Indigestion/Strictures/Barretts oesophagus
Renal GFR <30
• Very poor dentition
• Exclude metabolic derangement - vit D, Calcium
– Risk of hypocalcaemia and inefficacy

Don’t forget Calcium/Vitamin D

52
Q

Osteoporosis second line treatment

A

Zoledronate -Bisphosphonate iV
Denosumab RANKL inhibitor subcutaneous
For severe osteoporosis:
-Teriparatide: synthetic PTH subcutaneous

53
Q

Denosumab

A

RANKL inhibitor

54
Q

Venlafaxine

A

Antidepressant. Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).

  1. Major depression
  2. Generalised anxiety disorder.

Mechanism: Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Increases availability of monoamines for neurotransmission.

SE: GI upset, neurological effects, hyponatraemia and serotonin syndrome. Suiciddal thoughts and behaviour may increase. Prolongs the QT interval, increases risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Sudden drug withdrawal can cause GI upset, neurological and influenza-like symptoms and sleep dissturbance. Venlafaxine hass greater risk of withdrawal effects than other antidepressants.

55
Q

Mirtazapine

A

Antidepressant.

  1. Major depression if SSRI not working.
  2. Generalised anxiety disorder

M: An antagonist of inhibitory pre-synaptic alpha adrenoceptors.
Increases availability of monoamines for neurotransmission.

SE: GI disturbance, hyponatraemia, serotonin syndrome. Neurological effects eg. heaadache, abnormal dreams, insomnia, confusion.
Suicidal thoughts and behaviour.
Sudden drug withdrawal can cause GI upset, neurological and influenza-like symptoms and sleep disturbance.

SEROTONIN SYNDROME.

56
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Antiemetic.
SE: Extrapyramidal syndromes, diarrhoea.

To reduce the risk of extrapyramidal effects, metoclopramide should be prescribed for no more than 5 days.
Metoclopramide should be avoided in ▴Parkinson’s disease
It should be avoided in ✗neonates, ▴children and ▴young adults, who are at increased risk of adverse effects.

57
Q

Domperidone

A

Anti-emetic.
Domperidone acts at the chemoreceptor trigger zone. It has the advantage over metoclopramide hydrochloride and the phenothiazines of being less likely to cause central effects, such as sedation and dystonic reactions, because it does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. In Parkinson’s disease, low-dose domperidone can be used to treat nausea caused by dopaminergic drugs.

SE: Diarrhoea, QT interval prolongation and arrhythmias.

Domperidone is contraindicated in patients with ✗cardiac conduction abnormalities and severe ▴hepatic impairment. Both drugs are avoided in ▴intestinal obstruction and ✗perforation their prokinetic effects

58
Q

Cyclizine

A

Antihistamine Antiemetic
(H1-receptor antagonist)
Antihistamines (e.g. cinnarizine, cyclizine, promethazine hydrochloride, promethazine teoclate) are effective against nausea and vomiting resulting from many underlying conditions. The duration of action and incidence of adverse effects, such as drowsiness and antimuscarinic effects, differ between antihistamines.

Used for: Prophylaxis and treatment of nausea and vomiting, particularly in the context of motion sickness or vertigo.H1-receptor antagonists are commonly used in the treatment and prophylaxis of motion sickness.

SE: The most common adverse effect is drowsiness. Cyclizine is the least sedating drug in this class and is therefore usually preferred. Due to their anticholinergic effects they may cause dry throat and mouth. This is usually undesirable, but in patients with copious mucosal secretions it may be beneficial. After IV injection they may cause transient tachycardia, which the patient may notice as palpitations.

59
Q

Cinnarizine

A

Antihistamine Antiemetic
(H1-receptor antagonist)
Antihistamines (e.g. cinnarizine, cyclizine, promethazine hydrochloride, promethazine teoclate) are effective against nausea and vomiting resulting from many underlying conditions. The duration of action and incidence of adverse effects, such as drowsiness and antimuscarinic effects, differ between antihistamines.

Used for: Prophylaxis and treatment of nausea and vomiting, particularly in the context of motion sickness or vertigo.H1-receptor antagonists are commonly used in the treatment and prophylaxis of motion sickness.

SE: The most common adverse effect is drowsiness. Cyclizine is the least sedating drug in this class and is therefore usually preferred. Due to their anticholinergic effects they may cause dry throat and mouth. This is usually undesirable, but in patients with copious mucosal secretions it may be beneficial. After IV injection they may cause transient tachycardia, which the patient may notice as palpitations.

60
Q

Promethazine

A

Antihistamine Antiemetic
(H1-receptor antagonist)
Antihistamines (e.g. cinnarizine, cyclizine, promethazine hydrochloride, promethazine teoclate) are effective against nausea and vomiting resulting from many underlying conditions. The duration of action and incidence of adverse effects, such as drowsiness and antimuscarinic effects, differ between antihistamines.

Used for: Prophylaxis and treatment of nausea and vomiting, particularly in the context of motion sickness or vertigo.H1-receptor antagonists are commonly used in the treatment and prophylaxis of motion sickness.

SE: The most common adverse effect is drowsiness. Cyclizine is the least sedating drug in this class and is therefore usually preferred. Due to their anticholinergic effects they may cause dry throat and mouth. This is usually undesirable, but in patients with copious mucosal secretions it may be beneficial. After IV injection they may cause transient tachycardia, which the patient may notice as palpitations.

61
Q

Ondansetron

A

Antiemetic, serotonin 5-HT3-receptor antagonists

The 5HT3-receptor antagonists, granisetron, ondansetron, and palonosetron, are used in the management of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving cytotoxics. A combination of palonosetron with netupitant, a neurokinin 1-receptor antagonist, is also available.
Used for nausea and vomiting in context of general anaesthesia and chemotherapy.

Adverse effects are rare with these medications, although constipation, diarrhoea and headaches can occur.

62
Q

Granisetron

A

Antiemetic, serotonin 5-HT3-receptor antagonists

The 5HT3-receptor antagonists, granisetron, ondansetron, and palonosetron, are used in the management of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving cytotoxics. A combination of palonosetron with netupitant, a neurokinin 1-receptor antagonist, is also available.
Used for nausea and vomiting in context of general anaesthesia and chemotherapy.

Adverse effects are rare with these medications, although constipation, diarrhoea and headaches can occur.

63
Q

Nystatin

A

Antifungal.
1. Treatment of local fungal infections, including of the oropharynx, vagina or skin. They may be applied topically (nystatin, clotrimazole) or taken orally (fluconazole).
2. Systemic treatment of invasive or disseminated fungal infections. Specialist treatment is required for these infections, which will not be discussed further in this book.
Clotrimazole is used to treat fungal infections of the skin and genital tract, such as tinea (ringworm, including athlete’s foot) and candida (thrush).

Nystatin is administered topically as an oral suspension for oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) at a dose of 100,000 units four times daily for 7 days or until 48 hours after lesions have resolved.

Nystatin and clotrimazole are used topically at the site of infection, so have few adverse effects apart from occasional local irritation where applied.

64
Q

Clotrimazole

A

Antifungal.
1. Treatment of local fungal infections, including of the oropharynx, vagina or skin. They may be applied topically (nystatin, clotrimazole) or taken orally (fluconazole).
2. Systemic treatment of invasive or disseminated fungal infections. Specialist treatment is required for these infections, which will not be discussed further in this book.
Clotrimazole is used to treat fungal infections of the skin and genital tract, such as tinea (ringworm, including athlete’s foot) and candida (thrush).

Nystatin and clotrimazole are used topically at the site of infection, so have few adverse effects apart from occasional local irritation where applied.

Clotrimazole is used to treat fungal infections of the skin and genital tract, such as tinea (ringworm, including athlete’s foot) and candida (thrush).

65
Q

Fluconazole

A

Antifungal.

  1. Treatment of local fungal infections, including of the oropharynx, vagina or skin. They may be applied topically (nystatin, clotrimazole) or taken orally (fluconazole).
  2. Systemic treatment of invasive or disseminated fungal infections. Specialist treatment is required for these infections, which will not be discussed further in this book.

Fluconazole is taken orally and so has systemic adverse effects. The most common are gastrointestinal upset (including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain), headache, hepatitis and hypersensitivity causing skin rash. Rare but potentially life-threatening reactions include: severe hepatic toxicity; prolonged QT interval predisposing to arrhythmias; and severe hypersensitivity, including cutaneous reactions and anaphylaxis.
Oral fluconazole is prescribed as a single dose of 150 mg for vaginal candidiasis.

66
Q

Cetirizine

A

Antihistamine (H1 receptor antagonist.

  1. As a first-line treatment for allergies, particularly hay fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis)
  2. To aid relief of itchiness (pruritus) and hives (urticaria) due, for example to insect bites, infections eg. chickenpox and drug allergies.
  3. As an adjunctive treatment in anaphylaxis, after administration of adrenaline and other life-saving measures. Other drugs in this class may be used for nausea and vomiting.

Side effects: chloramphenamine (first generation antihistamine) can cause sedation.

67
Q

Loratadine

A

Antihistamine (H1 receptor antagonist.

  1. As a first-line treatment for allergies, particularly hay fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis)
  2. To aid relief of itchiness (pruritus) and hives (urticaria) due, for example to insect bites, infections eg. chickenpox and drug allergies.
  3. As an adjunctive treatment in anaphylaxis, after administration of adrenaline and other life-saving measures. Other drugs in this class may be used for nausea and vomiting.

Side effects: chloramphenamine (first generation antihistamine) can cause sedation.

68
Q

Fexofenadine

A

Antihistamine (H1 receptor antagonist.

  1. As a first-line treatment for allergies, particularly hay fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis)
  2. To aid relief of itchiness (pruritus) and hives (urticaria) due, for example to insect bites, infections eg. chickenpox and drug allergies.
  3. As an adjunctive treatment in anaphylaxis, after administration of adrenaline and other life-saving measures. Other drugs in this class may be used for nausea and vomiting.

Side effects: chloramphenamine (first generation antihistamine) can cause sedation.

69
Q

Chlorphenamine

A

Antihistamine (H1 receptor antagonist.

  1. As a first-line treatment for allergies, particularly hay fever (seasonal allergic rhinitis)
  2. To aid relief of itchiness (pruritus) and hives (urticaria) due, for example to insect bites, infections eg. chickenpox and drug allergies.
  3. As an adjunctive treatment in anaphylaxis, after administration of adrenaline and other life-saving measures. Other drugs in this class may be used for nausea and vomiting.

Side effects: chloramphenamine (first generation antihistamine) can cause sedation.

70
Q

Haloperidol & Levomepromazine

A

Other antipsychotic drugs including haloperidol [unlicensed use] and levomepromazine are used for the relief of nausea and vomiting in palliative care. For information on the use of antiemetics in palliative care, see Prescribing in palliative care.

71
Q

Chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting

A

The 5HT3-receptor antagonists, granisetron, ondansetron, and palonosetron,

Dexamethasone has antiemetic effects and is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It can be used alone or in combination with other antiemetics such as a 5HT3-receptor antagonist.

The neurokinin 1-receptor antagonists, aprepitant and fosaprepitant, are used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy. They are usually given in combination with dexamethasone and a 5HT3-receptor antagonist. For further information on the prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, see Cytotoxic drugs.

Nabilone is a synthetic cannabinoid with antiemetic properties. It can be considered as an add-on treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting unresponsive to optimised conventional antiemetics.

72
Q

Dexamethason

A

Dexamethasone has antiemetic effects and is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It can be used alone or in combination with other antiemetics such as a 5HT3-receptor antagonist.

73
Q

Arepitant and fosaprepitant

A

The neurokinin 1-receptor antagonists, aprepitant and fosaprepitant, are used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy. They are usually given in combination with dexamethasone and a 5HT3-receptor antagonist. For further information on the prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, see Cytotoxic drugs.

74
Q

Nabilone

A

Nabilone is a synthetic cannabinoid with antiemetic properties. It can be considered as an add-on treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting unresponsive to optimised conventional antiemetics.

75
Q

Ménière’s disease

A

Patients presenting with symptoms of Ménière’s disease should be referred to an ear, nose, and throat specialist to confirm the diagnosis.

Antihistamines (e.g. cinnarizine, cyclizine, promethazine teoclate) and phenothiazines (e.g. prochlorperazine) are used to help alleviate nausea, vomiting, and vertigo in acute attacks of Ménière’s disease. Buccal prochlorperazine, or deep intramuscular injections of prochlorperazine or cyclizine, can be used to rapidly relieve nausea and vomiting in severe acute attacks.
Betahistine dihydrochloride is an analogue of histamine. It can be trialled to reduce the frequency and severity of hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo in patients with recurrent attacks of Ménière’s disease.

76
Q

Big side effect of metformin

A

It can cause lactic acidosis

77
Q

Inhaled corticosteroids

A

Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone, Beclometasone, budesomide, fluticasone

78
Q

LTRN

A

Montelukast

79
Q

Long acting anti-muscarinics

A

Tiotropium

80
Q

Short acting antimuscarinics

A

Ipratropium, glycopyrronium, aclidinium

81
Q

xanthine

A

Theophylline

82
Q

Drugs that can caause a log ST ssyndrome

A 
Erythromycin? More like Errrrrhythromycin. 
Medications causing you to COLLAPSE (due to prolonged QT interval):
• Chloroquine
• Ondansetron
• Levofloxacin
• Loratadine
• Amiodarone
• Psych drugs (Halperidol)
• Sertaline
• Erythromycin
83
Q

pioglitazone side effect

A

pioglitazone causes fluid retention and therefore peripheral odema.
It increases the effect of insulin on peripheral tissues, one of the effects includes increased expression of the sodium-potassium pump so more potassium can be absorbed by the cell. Reckon if sodium is leaving the cell water will probably follow, leading to peripheral oedema

84
Q

Ipratropium

A

Ipratropium is a short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA), and used first-line in the pharmacological management of COPD.

85
Q

Beclomethasone

A

Beclomethasone may be used as an inhaled corticosteroid therapy. However, this is not the first line, and unlikely to be of many benefits due to this patient’s normal eosinophil count and absence of atopic disease.

86
Q

N-acetylcysteine

A

N-acetylcysteine is not used first-line in COPD but can be of use in symptom control by reducing thick secretions in the airways.

87
Q

Salmeterol

A

Salmeterol, a long-acting beta antagonist, is used as a second-line treatment for COPD.

88
Q

What antibiotic can cause Torsades de pointes

A

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that can be used to treat chlamydia infections. It carries a risk of Torsades de Pointes (TdP) which is a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with a gradual change in QRS amplitude. The QRS complexes twist around the isoelectric line. Erythromycin can prolong the QTc by inhibition of the delayed rectifier potassium channel. An ectopic beat during this prolonged repolarization phase can result in TdP. This is very rare but is an important risk to be aware of. Azithromycin is a more common treatment for chlamydia. It is known to prolong the QTc but whether it causes TdP is disputed in the literature.

89
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

empagliflozin

90
Q

GLP-1 mimetics

A

liraglutide

91
Q

sulfonylurea

A

Gliclazide

92
Q

thiazolidinedione

A

Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione and is the only one currently licensed in the UK. It is also an option for dual therapy with metformin however is contra-indicated in Jeffrey due to his history of previous bladder cancer. Furthermore, the BNF cites that it can cause weight increase.

93
Q

COX 2 selective

A

Celecoxib

Meloxicam

94
Q

Which anti-hypertensive can cause hypokalaemia

A

Thiazide duiretics eg. Indapamide can lead to hypokalaemia
Indapamide is a thiazide-like diuretic. Thiazide diuretics decrease blood pressure by blocking the Na/Cl cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule. This results in an increased excretion of sodium and chlorine (and therefore water) in the urine, leading to a decreased blood volume and therefore blood pressure.

95
Q

Carbimazole

A

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

96
Q

Naloxone

A

Blocks opioid receptors. It is a medication used to reverse the effects of opioids.

Everyweek (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions