Topic 1

Question 1

Differentiate Type A and B hyperlactaemia

Answer 1

Type A - anaerobic metabolism from inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues to meet demand (shock). Examples include exercise, seizures, decreased tissue oxygen delivery
Type B - adequate oxygen delivery to tissue but defective mitochondrial oxidative function and carbohydrate metabolism. Examples include sepsis, drugs, diabetes, liver failure, neoplasia, renal failure, hypoglycaemia

Question 2

Differentiate primary and secondary haemostasis

Answer 2

Primary hemostatic disorders involve a qualitative and/or quantitative defect in platelets or vessels or von Willebrand’s gene/protein, whereas secondary disorders involve defects in clotting factors.

Question 3

What does PT test?

Answer 3

Extrinsic and final common pathway. Factor 7 and tissue factors involved.

Question 4

What does aPTT test?

Answer 4

Intrinsic and final common pathway. Factors include 12, 11, 9, 8 for intrinsic. Factors 10, 2 (thrombin) and 1 (fibrin) for common.

Question 5

What does ACT test?

Answer 5

Intrinsic and final pathway. Note: 95% have to be