Topic 1

Question 1

Name the 3 cycles of the Milankovitch theory

Answer 1

1. Eccentricity
2. Axial tilt
3. Precession

Question 2

What is eccentricity??🌍🌞

Answer 2

• the orbit of the Earth changes shape over long periods of time (aprox 100,00years).
• Sometimes more circular making us warmer (interglacial)
• Sometimes elliptical making us cooler (glacial)

Question 3

What is axial tilt?

Answer 3

The Earth is tilted, angle of tilt changes every 40,000years
This means sometimes the Earth is tiled away from the sun (warmer summers and cooler winters)
When the Earth is tilted closer to the sun, the difference is less.

Question 4

What is precession?

Answer 4

The Earths wobble which affects the direction the axis is facing
This affects our seasons and creates greater or smaller differences between summer and winter
Occurs approximately every 24000years

Question 5

Whta is the role of oceanic currents?

Answer 5

To distribute heat energy around the Earth and regulate global temperatures.

Question 6

Ocean currents-
While ???? currents flow from polar areas towards ??? ??????? (Eg ????????? current on the East coast of north ?????????), ???? currents flow from the ??????? towards the poles (eg Gulf stream/North Atlantic Drift that ????? the west coast of the ??)

Answer 6

While cold currents flow from polar areas towards the equator (Eg Labrador current on the East coast of north America), warm currents flow from the tropics towards the poles (eg Gulf stream/North Atlantic Drift that warms the west coast of the UK)

Question 7

When was the Tohoku earthquake in Japan ?

Answer 7

2011

Question 8

What magnitude was the Tohoku earthquake

Answer 8

9

Question 9

What were 4 primary impact of the Tohoku earthquake🏢🛣🕳🏝😵

Answer 9

1. 1000 buildings collapsed and killed 1479
2. Roads and railways were destroyed 🛣
3. Water/sewage pipes burst🕳💦
4. Liquefaction of reclaimed land🏝

Question 10

What subsequent impact of th Tohoku earthquake?

Answer 10

A tsunami

Question 11

Name 5 secondary impacts of the tsunami that followed after the Tohoku earthquake
😵🏚🌊❌💸

Answer 11

1. 17,000
2. 1.2 million buildings damaged
3. Dams burst
4. Nuclear power station destroyed-contamination
5. $235 billion clean up/repair cost in Japan alone

Question 12

When was the Earthquake in Haiti

Answer 12

2010

Question 13

What was the magnitude of Haiti?

Answer 13

7

Question 14

What were the 5 impacts

😵🏚🏥✈️🚢🔋

Answer 14

1. 316000 die and 300000 injured
2. 1.5 million homeless
3. 8 hospitals and 5000 schools destroyed
4. Airport and port damaged
5. Electricity, water and communications disrupted

Question 15

What is a divergent plate boundary know as?

Answer 15

Convergent

Question 16

Give an example of a divergent plate boundary location

Answer 16

Iceland

Question 17

What two plates are involved at a divergent plate boundary

Answer 17

Oceanic or continental

Question 18

Explain what happens at a divergent plate boundary

Answer 18

Two plates slowly move apart as a result of convection currents in the mantle 🔥
Rising magma fills the gap in between the plates resulting in the formation of new oceanic crust🌍
This process is known as sea floor spreading and occurs at the rate of 5cm a year at the Mid Atlantic Ridge where the North American plate and Eurasian plates are diverging

Question 19

What happens at a convergent plate boundary?

Answer 19

Two plates slowly move together, the denser oceanic plate sinks under the continental plate in a process known as subduction
An ocean trench forms where the two plates meet
Rising magma at the point of subduction results in volcanoes 🌋

Question 20

Where is an example of a convergent subduction plate boundary

Answer 20

West coast of South America where the South American plate and the Pacific plate are coming together

Question 21

When was the Haiti Earthquake

Answer 21

2010

Question 22

What magnitude was the Haiti earthquake

Answer 22

7

Question 23

Name 5 impacts of the earthquake😵🏚🏥✈️🚢🔋🚿📞

Answer 23

1. 316,000 killed
2. 1.5 million homeless
3. 8 hospitals and 5000 schools damaged
4. airport and port damaged and closed
5. Electricity, water and communications dissrupted

Question 24

What were 3 indirect impacts of the Haiti earthquake?

Answer 24

1. Cholera outbreak in squatter camps kills thousands
2. Reduced tourist numbers and factory destruction impacts on economy
3. Looting and crime common as police lose control

Question 25

What was the significance of the primary and secondary impacts of the Haiti earthquake

Answer 25

As one of the poorest countries in the world, Haiti did not have the systems or resources to respond effectively to such a massive disaster.
Many buildings were poorly built so collapsed.
Country was reliant on help from NGOs. Some said this response was too slow and resulted in greater sufferings

Question 26

How often is eccentricity

Answer 26

100,000years

Question 27

How often does the axial tilt change

Answer 27

40,000

Question 28

How often does the precession change

Answer 28

24,000

Question 29

Conclusion-

What three points to write about channel and width variance ?

Answer 29

1. That its greater in middle
2. Vertical and lateral erosion
3. Discharge

Question 30

Name 4 reasons of human causes of climate change

Answer 30

Industry
Energy
Farming
Transport

Question 31

What scale does a seismometer measure

Answer 31

Ricter scale no upper limit