Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Paper 1 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Plant/animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of cell is a prokaryote?

A

Single-called organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do bacteria cells have instead of a nucleus?

A

Single circular strand of DNA that floats freely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Small ring of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which cell loses its ability to differentiate early on?

A

Animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which cell never loses its ability to differentiate?

A

Plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What if differentiation used for in mature animals?

A

Relating or replacing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an undifferentiated cell called?

A

Stem cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised?

A

Long tail and streamlined head, lots of mitochondria and enzymes to digest egg cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are nerve cells specialised?

A

Long and have branched connections at ends to connect to other nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How muscle cells specialised?

A

Long to have space to contract and lots of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are root cells specialised?

A

Big surface area for absorbing water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are xylem cells specialised?

A

Hollow in the centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are phloem cells specialised?

A

Very few subcellular structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

Human embryos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are stem cells exiting to scientists?

A

They have he potential to turn into any kind of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are stem cells found in adults?

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the problem with adult stem cells?

A

Can’t turn into any type of cells - only certain ones like blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are stem cells grown?

A

Produce clones which are then made into specialised cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are adult stem cells used already?

A

Used to replace faulty blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What could stem cells be used for?

A

Insulin producing cells or nerve cells for paralysed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Embryo cells made to have same genetic information as the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the pro to therapeutic cloning?

A

They will not be rejected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the risks of stem cells?

A

May be contaminated with a virus which is then passed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are stem cells typically sourced?

A

Unwanted cells from fertility clinics that will most likely be destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

Meristem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why are stem cells useful in plants?

A

Produce clones quickly and cheaply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do farmers use stem cells to their advantage?

A

Clone plants with desired feature e.g disease resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Cooked up DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does each chromosome have?

A

A large number of genes

35
Q

What is the stage in the cell cycle where the cell divides called?

A

Mitosis

36
Q

What do multicellular organisms use mitosis for?

A

Grow or replace damaged cells

37
Q

What happens in DNA replication?

A

Grows and increases amount of subcellular structures, duplicates its DNA

38
Q

What shape is the DNA copied into?

A

X-shaped chromosomes (each arm is a duplicate of the other)

39
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A
  1. Chromosomes line up and cell fibres pull them apart 2. Membranes form around each set and become nuclei 3. Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
40
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary fission

41
Q

What happens in binary fission?

A
  1. DNA and plasmids replicate 2.DNA moves to opposite ends 3. Cytoplasm divides and cell wall forms
42
Q

How do prokaryotic cells differ in binary fission?

A

Varied amount of plasmids

43
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

44
Q

What does diffusion happen in?

A

Solutions and gases (they move about randomly)

45
Q

What is the simplest type of diffusion?

A

When gases diffuse through each other

46
Q

What increases diffusion?

A

A bigger concentration gradient or a higher temp

47
Q

What do cell membranes do?

A

Let stuff in and out of the cell

48
Q

What type of molecules can diffuse through membranes?

A

Small molecules

49
Q

What type of molecules diffuse through a membrane?

A

Oxygen, glucose, amino acids and water

50
Q

Where is the concentration highest in diffusion across a membrane?

A

Outside the membrane

51
Q

What is the net movement?

A

More particles on one side of movement diffusing

52
Q

Why can molecules diffuse in both directions?

A

The move about randomly

53
Q

What increases the rate of diffusion?

A

Larger surface area

54
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high conc to low conc

55
Q

What type of molecules can pass through a partially permeable membrane?

A

Small molecules like water

56
Q

Which solution becomes more dilute in osmosis?

A

Stronger sugar solution

57
Q

What is active transport?

A

Substances are absorbed against the concentration gradient

58
Q

How do root hair cells use active transport?

A

Concentration of minerals is higher in root hair cell than the soil surrounding

59
Q

What would happen if root cells used diffusion?

A

Minerals would move out of the cell

60
Q

What happens in active transport?

A

From dilute solution against a concentration gradient into cell

61
Q

How is active transport used in humans?

A

Used in gut where there is a lower conc in gut and higher conc in blood

62
Q

What happens to the glucose after active transport?

A

Taken into blood stream where it is used for respiration

63
Q

What is exchanging substances like in single cells organisms?

A

Can diffuse directly in or out as there is a large surface area compared to volume

64
Q

What is exchanging substances like in multi-cellular substances?

A

Need some sort of exchange surface as they have a smaller surface area to volume ratio

65
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted?

A

Thin membrane (short distance to diffuse), large surface area, lots of blood vessels or ventilated

66
Q

What is the job of the lungs?

A

Transfer oxygen to blood and remove carbon dioxide

67
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

A

Alveoli

68
Q

How are he alveoli specialised?

A

Enormous surface area, moist lining, thin walls and good blood supply

69
Q

What covers the small intestine?

A

Thousands of villi

70
Q

What do villi do?

A

Increase the surface area so food is absorbed more quickly

71
Q

What is the underneath of the leaf covered in?

A

Stomata

72
Q

What diffuses our of stomata?

A

Oxygen and water vapour

73
Q

What diffuses in through the stomata?

A

Carbon dioxide

74
Q

When do the guard cells close?

A

When the cell is losing more water than it can take up

75
Q

What do the air spaces in the leaves do?

A

Create a larger surface area for diffusion

76
Q

What are gills specialised for?

A

Gas exchange

77
Q

What happens in the gills?

A

Water containing oxygen enters fishes mouth and passes out the gills. Oxygen into blood and carbon dioxide out of blood

78
Q

What are gills made from?

A

Gill filaments which have a larger surface area

79
Q

What are gill filaments covered in?

A

Lamelle which increase surface area and have lots of blood capillaries

80
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose - lactic acid

81
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Glucose - ethanol + carbon dioxide

82
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Amount of extra oxygen needed to react with lactic acid to form carbon dioxide and water

83
Q

What is a hybridoma?

A

Antibodies produce B-lymphocytes which don’t divide easily + tumour cells

Biology Paper 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions